introduction: the current study investigated the pulp response to electric pulp testing (ept), before, upon initiation and one month after the start of orthodontic tooth movement. methods and materials: a total of 402 anterior teeth from 39 patients (mean age of 16.8±2.7 years) were examined in this non-controlled prospective study. the aligning forces were administered using initial niti archw...

It is hypothesised here that some mealybug (Pseudococcidae) and root mealybug (Rhizoecidae) prepupae and pupae are mobile. The prepupa and pupa of the mealybug Promyrmococcus dilli Williams and the prepupa of the root mealybug Ripersiella malschae (Williams) are described and illustrated and their probable mobility is discussed. It is also suggested that the prepupae and pupae of the mealybug M...

Corethrella borkenti sp. n. is described, based on female and male adults, pupae and larvae, collected from tank bromeliads in the Atlantic Forest of southern Brazil. The larva and pupa of C. alticola Lane, 1939 are described for the first time. New distributional records for C. alticola and C. vittata Lane, 1939 extend their distributions to the southern Atlantic Forest. A key to pupae of peru...

Pupae of Aedes aegypti, Ae. triseriatus and Culex restuans dive less frequently when resting in a concave meniscus than when resting in open water. They also tend to terminate diving after contacting submerged vertical surfaces, increasing their chances of surfacing in a concave meniscus. As a result pupae tend to rest in concave menisci associated with emergent vertical surfaces, a behavioral ...