Vinyl chloride (VCM) is unloaded from railroad tank cars or tank trucks into pressurized storage spheres. VCM, emulsifiers, and catalysts are metered into polymerization vessels wherein PVC is produced through a chemical reaction in an aqueous medium under controlled conditions of temperature and pressure. After the reaction reaches a predetermined completion, the contents are transferred to a ...

Insular power systems are a special case of infrastructure for production due to their particular land morphology with extensive hills and ridges. For higher renewable energy share in the production, dedicated design according local constraints is required. The high wind solar resources such cases can be utilized offshore turbines concentrating power, respectively. In addition, pumped-hydro sto...

Surplus electricity can be converted into potential energy via pumped hydroelectric storage for future usage. Similarly, thermo-electric energy storage (TEES) uses heat pumps equipped with thermal storage to convert electrical energy into thermal energy; the stored energy is then converted back into electrical energy when necessary using a heat engine. The greatest advantage of this method is t...

Solar energy is currently dispatched ahead of other renewable sources. For the first time, this study presents a concept exploiting temporary–periodical runoff discharge in Shire River. Pumped hydro storage–photovoltaic plant (PHS–PV) was optimized to satisfy all-day peak electricity demand Malawi. The effect varying net head on PHS system both generation and pumping operation modes investigate...

During the last two decades, an evolving market structure is recognised starting from the spot market and its derivatives, resulting to several other markets such as the Intraday Market (IM), the Balancing Market (BM) and the Reserve Capacity Market (RCM). The participation in these markets has changed significantly the operation policy of the plants and, consequently, their value in the market...

The hybrid wind–hydro power generation appears to be an attractive solution for isolated, autonomous electric grids in order to increase the wind energy penetration and cost-effectiveness. This work presents a numerical methodology for optimum sizing of the various components of a reversible hydraulic system designed to recover the electric energy that is rejected from wind farms due to imposed...

The East China Power Grid (ECPG) is the biggest regional power grid in China. It has the biggest installed capacity of pumped storage power plants (PSPPs) and is responsible to coordinate the operation of its five provincial power grids. A recent challenge of coordinating operations is using PSPPs to absorb surplus energy during off-peak periods and generate power during peak periods. Differing...