Clinical psychologists don’t often venture into the world of paleoanthropology, but the hypothesis that bipolar disorder evolved as an adaptation to Pleistocene climatic conditions, landed me in this fascinating and contentious arena. Bipolar disorder is correlated with a cold adapted build, and its symptoms are consistent with seasonal adaptation. For example, symptoms of major depression, suc...

This research was supported by grants from the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Aging. I am particularly grateful to Ian Domowitz, who provided many important and insightful comments on an earlier draft. Many others provided useful comments: James Coleman, Robert Mare, Lars Muus, Larry Radbill, Nancy Tuma, and an anonymous reviewer. Jean Mitchell and Nancy Winship helpe...

Austrian physician and scientist Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytic concept, which emerged at the beginning of XX century, greatly influenced spiritual culture 20th century. Z. philosophical ideas based on results obtained in field neurosis therapy study mental processes unconscious, as well their openness to understanding broad perspectives for explaining mechanisms social life, human behavior, na...