Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is characterised by reproductive failure of sows and respiratory problems of piglets and growing pigs. The disease is caused by the PRRS virus, a virus currently classified as a member of the order Nidovirales, family Arteriviridae, genus Arterivirus. The primary target cell of the virus is the alveolar macrophage of the pig. Two major antige...

Recognition of an invading pathogen is critical to elicit protective responses. Certain microbial structures and molecules, which are crucial for their survival and virulence, are recognized by different families of evolutionarily conserved pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). This recognition initiates a signaling cascade that leads to the transcription of inflammatory cytokines and chemokine...

Introduction Significant changes in respiratory disease have occurred over the last 20 years. There are two primary reasons for this. In the first instance, there has been the occurrence of two major worldwide plagues-PRRS and PCV2-associated diseases. The second reason has been the considerable advances in vaccination, which have become available for some of the respiratory diseases, in partic...

Since the initial outbreaks of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) in 1987 and subsequent identification of the causative virus in 1991, the primary concern of the swine industry has been the routes of PRRS virus (PRRSV) transmission. Initial epidemiological studies, particularly in Europe, indicated that airborne transmission, even over significant distances, was important. Ho...

In the title of the article, the word “Vaccination” should be “Immunization.” The correct title is: Economic Analysis of Immunization Strategies for PRRS Control. The correct citation is: Linhares DCL, Johnson C, Morrison RB (2015) Economic Analysis of Immunization Strategies for PRRS Control. PLoS ONE 10(12): e0144265. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0144265 There is an error in the seventh sentence ...

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is characterised by reproductive failure of sows and respiratory problems of piglets and growing pigs. The disease is caused by the PRRS virus, a virus currently classified as a member of the order Nidovirales, family Arteriviridae, genus Arterivirus. The primary target cell of the virus is the alveolar macrophage of the pig. Two major antige...

Self-nonself model makes a lot of sense in the mechanisms of self versus nonself recognition in the immune system but it failed to explain a great number of findings. Some new immune theory is proposed to accommodate incompatible new findings, including Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs) Model and Danger Theory. Inspired from the PRRs model, a novel approach called Conserved Self Pattern Reco...

The problem of cancer remains one of the most immense challenges to current biomedical research. Affecting populations in all countries and all regions, this disease is responsible formillions of deaths annually (1). Evasion of the immune system is an ominous feature of cancers, which often leads to tumor outgrowth, epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), and consequently, metastatic disease. ...