Tumour progression involves the inactivation of tumour suppressor genes and the activation of proto-oncogenes. Inactivation of both copies of a tumour suppressor gene is required for carcinogenesis, while germline deletion or inactivation of one copy results in an increase in the risk of cancer and is responsible for many of the known hereditary cancer syndromes. In contrast, activation of only...

I consider whether the content of a speech act is best represented by a set of possible worlds or by an ordered set containing the individual and properties the speech act is about. I argue that there is nothing in such contents that an ordered set can represent that a set of worlds cannot. In particular, both can be used to capture what is distinctive about singular propositions. But a set of ...

We introduce the family of R-based proto-Boolean rings associated with an arbitrary commutative ring R. They generalize the protoBoolean algebra devised by Brown [4] as a tool for expressing in modern language Boole’s research in The Laws of Thought. In fact the algebraic results from [4] are recaptured within the framework of proto-Boolean rings, along with other theorems. The free Boolean alg...

The first stars to form in protogalaxies must have primordial chemical composition. We refer to a protogalaxy that is forming stars of primordial composition, or very low metallicity (Z ≤ 0.01Z⊙), as “Primordial Proto–Galaxy” (PPG). PPGs contain little or no dust, and therefore their spectral energy distribution can be modelled from the rest–frame ultraviolet to the infrared without accounting ...

Sheilagh C. Ogilvie Continuity and Change / Volume 8 / Issue 02 / August 1993, pp 159 ­ 179 DOI: 10.1017/S0268416000002058, Published online: 11 November 2008 Link to this article: http://journals.cambridge.org/ abstract_S0268416000002058 How to cite this article: Sheilagh C. Ogilvie (1993). Proto­industrialization in Europe. Continuity and Change,8, pp 159­179 doi:10.1017/S0268416000002058 Req...

We present the first large-scale, corpus based verification of Dowty’s seminal theory of proto-roles. Our results demonstrate both the need for and the feasibility of a property-based annotation scheme of semantic relationships, as opposed to the currently dominant notion of categorical roles.

Modern game engines make it easy to create complex realistic environments for entertainment or for training, but scripting the behavior of agents in these environments is still a major challenge. Spatial computing languages such as Proto [1] provide a possible solution, but need to be adapted for practical scripting use. We have begun to address this problem by linking Proto with the Unity game...

Nuclear genes control plastid differentiation in response to developmental signals, environmental signals, and retrograde signals from plastids themselves. In return, plastids emit signals that are essential for proper expression of many nuclear photosynthetic genes. Accumulation of magnesium-protoporphyrin IX (Mg-Proto), an intermediate in chlorophyll biosynthesis, is a plastid signal that rep...