Ethnic violence has increased exponentially in the decades following World War II. As such, it is imperative that cures for the unique ills found in divided societies be discovered. This article seeks to quantitatively investigate the effici ency of formal political institutions in curbing ethnically-based violent protest in divided societies. As such, the dependent variable is the level of vio...

Why do foreign investments that can improve economic welfare also induce protest? Using a newly compiled dataset on commercial mining, commodity prices, and protest in Africa, I rst establish that foreign investment projects increase the probability of protest. I then develop a theoretical model to explain these conžicts. I argue that communities have to strike a bargain with companies but hav...

BACKGROUND Doctors, lawyers and criminal justice agencies need methods to assess vulnerability to violent radicalization. In synergy, public health interventions aim to prevent the emergence of risk behaviours as well as prevent and treat new illness events. This paper describes a new method of assessing vulnerability to violent radicalization, and then investigates the role of previously repor...

parvin e'tesami is one of the famous outstanding persian poets of the constitutional era and also the reign of pahlavi i who composed her poems based on persian classical literature with moral contents and new political and social themes in the field of didactic literature. under the influence of european newfangled intellectuals, romanticism formed during 18th century and devided into dif...

In recent years, there has been an increased academic interest revolving around the beneficial or pernicious effects of ideological extremity and (uncivil) political discussion over democracy. For instance, citizens’ predispositions higher levels have linked with a more active vibrant life. fact, uncivil foster institutionalized engagement. However, less explored in literature remains whether s...