This is a brief history of the beginning of the Orientalist studies of hadith, which will shed light on the most prominent works and views Western scholars on hadith, the nature as well as the impact of their outcomes on Muslims and Western worlds. The beginning era of such studies was between 1890 to 1950. In this period, two influential and founding works of Ignatz Goldziher and Josef Schacht...

As early as the mid–19th century, physicians had noted that patients with kidney disease and those with long-term high blood pressure (hypertension) both had enlarged heart muscles. The first clue to this kidney–hypertension connection came from physiologists Robert Tigerstedt and Per Bergman who injected kidney extracts into rabbits, thus triggering a dramatic rise in blood pressure. In a prop...

The value of a person’s life work is difficult to discern, much less to evaluate or to become a source of wisdom, if we reflect upon that work from the limited perspectives of our own experience or the dominant religious and educational theories of the day. Oral history provides a way to listen to another closely, to analyze that person’s life and work in relation to a larger context, and to dr...

Methadone is widely being used for opioid substitution therapy. However, the administration of methadone to opioid dependent individual is frequently accompanied by withdrawal syndrome and chemical dependency develops. Other than that, it is also difficult to retain patients in the treatment programme making their retention rates are decreasing over time. This article is written to higlights th...

The aim of this article is to present the dark theater of Antônio Callado, highlighting the importance of the play Pedro Mico in which, for the first time, a shantytown in Rio de Janeiro is the dramatic focus. The text analyses the way Callado represents the contradiction between the town of the poor and the town of the rich people during a time in which Brazil lived its dream of development ex...

what features and advantages does the prophet have which distinguish him from others? to answer this question, the writer names three approaches: 1. epistemical approach, 2. responsibility approach, and 3, situational approach. in the first approach, he examines various viewpoints which all view divine knowledge (ma‘rifat) as the prophet's distinctive feature. in the second approach, the s...