Most European scientists, when asked about the media, will express the view that journalists and their editors are a despicable bunch. And they are not the only ones. US straw polls from the 1980s found that people considered the ethical standards of journalists to be below those of used-car salesmen or even politicians. Indeed, seeing the coverage of molecular biology research in Europe, one c...

Semantics is a part of linguistic by which it can be analyzed the meaning of the words and sentences of a text and identified the part of speech with regard to semantics. This is a descriptive-analytic research and it deals with studying the meaning of ‘promise’ in the Holy Quran based on principles of semantics with a collocation approach by library methodology. Also, by virtue of ...

Why do victims sometimes receive sympathy for their suffering and at other times scorn and blame? Here we show a powerful role for moral values in attitudes toward victims. We measured moral values associated with unconditionally prohibiting harm ("individualizing values") versus moral values associated with prohibiting behavior that destabilizes groups and relationships ("binding values": loya...

This article explores several entanglements between human judgments of intentionality and morality (blame and praise). After proposing a model of people’s folk concept of intentionality I discuss three topics. First, considerations of a behavior’s intentionality affect people’s praise and blame of that behavior, but one study suggests that there may be an asymmetry such that blame is more affec...

This paper explores the surprisingly rich design space for the simply typed lambda calculus with casts and a dynamic type. Such a calculus is the target intermediate language of the gradually typed lambda calculus but it is also interesting in its own right. In light of diverse requirements for casts, we develop a modular semantic framework, based on Henglein’s Coercion Calculus, that instantia...

A previously published cross-sectional model of cognitive mediation of rape's impact on health (M. P. Koss, A. J. Figueredo, & R. J. Prince, 2002) was replicated longitudinally. Rape survivors (n = 59) were assessed 4 times at 3-24 months postrape. Growth curve analysis demonstrated significant change in all mediators and outcomes. Previously reported effects of Characterological Self-Blame, Be...