To overcome several limitations of existing diversification indices, we introduce the quotient (DQ). Defined through a parametric family risk measures, DQ satisfies three natural properties, namely, non-negativity, location invariance and scale invariance, which are shown to be conflicting for any traditional index based on single measure. We pay special attention two most important classes mea...

Livelihood diversification is essential to food security and improved incomes for human development in African rural communities. Uganda’s agrarian economy suffers from limited diversification, environmental degradation, low incomes, and multifaceted negative impacts of AIDS. Efforts to stimulate and support innovation in agricultural production technology, forms of social organization, and poo...

inland saline aquaculture may offer an opportunity for income diversification and a potentially productive use of land that can no longer support traditional agriculture in salt-affected parts of inland production and investment levels are characteristically low. it needs to develop in a manner that both prevents the further degradation of agricultural land and provides opportunities for an alt...

This paper addresses the lot-sizing and scheduling problem of pulp and paper mills involving multiple paper machines. The underlying multi-stage integrated production process considers the following critical units: continuous digester, intermediate stocks of pulp and liquor, multiple paper machines and a recovery line to treat by-products. This work presents a mixed integer programming (MIP) mo...

purpose: this study investigats the role of tourism second homes in rural economy diversification and improvement of creating jobs and income opportunities of permanent residents in the hesar-e- valiasr dehestan. methodology: this research is applied and the method is analytical– descriptive. data collected by the use of field studies, from a total number of 358 permanent households in sample s...

Understanding which traits drive species diversification is essential for macroevolutionary studies and to understand patterns of species richness among clades. An important tool for testing if traits influence diversification is to estimate rates of net diversification for each clade, and then test for a relationship between traits and diversification rates among clades. However, this general ...

Speciation events often occur in rapid bursts of diversification, but the ecological and genetic factors that promote these radiations are still much debated. Using whole transcriptomes from all 13 species in the ecologically and reproductively diverse wild tomato clade (Solanum sect. Lycopersicon), we infer the species phylogeny and patterns of genetic diversity in this group. Despite widespre...

During embryonic development, the dorsal spinal cord generates numerous interneuron populations eventually involved in motor circuits or in sensory networks that integrate and transmit sensory inputs from the periphery. The molecular mechanisms that regulate the specification of these multiple dorsal neuronal populations have been extensively characterized. In contrast, the factors that contrib...

The evolutionary diversification of spiders is attributed to spectacular innovations in silk. Spiders are unique in synthesizing many different kinds of silk, and using silk for a variety of ecological functions throughout their lives, particularly to make prey-catching webs. Here, we construct a broad higher-level phylogeny of spiders combining molecular data with traditional morphological and...