Recurrent backcrossing is an established procedure to transfer target genes from a donor into the genetic background of a recipient genotype. By assessing the parental origin of alleles at markers flanking the target locus one can select individuals with a short intact donor chromosome segment around the target gene and thus reduce the linkage drag. We investigated the probability distribution ...

Recent research on interstate conflict and rivalry has shown that most conflict occurs between long-time rival countries, and has used enduring rivalries to test propositions on arms races, deterrence, and power transitions. Yet most of this research has focused on the dynamics of already-established rivalry; little is known about how adversaries become long-term rivals. The present effort atte...

Glomerulocystic kidney disease (GCKD) is a rare condition comprising heritable and non-heritable types [Oh et al.: Nephron 1986;43:299-302]. Hepatoblastoma is a sporadically occurring tumor of embryonal origin that is associated with overgrowth syndrome and renal cysts. A concurrent presentation of GCKD with hepatoblastoma was first described in 1989 [Rao et al.: Jpn J Surg 1989;19:583-585]. We...

Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (CTX) is a rare inborn lipid-storage disease leading to a progressive multisystem disease. CTX with autosomal recessive inheritance is caused by a defect in the CYP27A1 gene. Hallmark clinical manifestations of CTX include bilateral cataracts, chronic diarrhea, tendon xanthomas, and neurologic dysfunction. CTX is a rare disorder, which is supposed to be under-diag...

cattle have an important role in primary human civilization, so molecular studies for more accurate recognition of their origin are effective to identify unknown historical aspects. cattle can be divided in to 2 main groups including bos tuarus and bos indicus. both types of cattle can be found in iran; therefore study of their origin has particular importance. the aim of this study was to inve...

neuroendocrine cells are of the peptide and amine secreting cells and because of endodermal origin, exist in respiratory and gastrointestinal system. the report confirms the presence of a tumor using immunohistochemical methods. a hepatic mass was detected in a 10-year-old male mixed–breed dog which was referred with clinical history of frequent vomiting, anorexia, lethargy and syncope. biochem...

general combining ability of sugar beet parents were determined for different quantity and quality characteristics.forty six sugar beet hybrids obtained from crosses of 23 diploid pollinators with two male sterile parents as tester together with three checks were evaluated for 10 important agronomic and technological characters at kamalshar research station in karaj in 2004.experiment was carri...

Although the conditions favoring altruism are being increasingly understood, the evolutionary origins of the genetic basis for this behavior remain elusive. Here, we show that reproductive altruism (i.e., a sterile soma) in the multicellular green alga, Volvox carteri, evolved via the co-option of a life-history gene whose expression in the unicellular ancestor was conditioned on an environment...