In the present study, the amount of nitrate and phosphate leaching from agricultural lands into the Zanjanrood River in Iran was simulated using the Soil & Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model. The measured average monthly discharges at the Sarcham station were used to calibrate and validate the SWAT model, and the SWAT Calibration and Uncertainty Program (SWAT-CUP) model was applied to perform t...

A basic system dynamics model for collective irrigation management is proposed, which is aimed at improving the understanding of dynamic processes in collective irrigation systems. In particular, the problem of free-riding on water in irrigation systems is addressed. A feedback system is introduced, which builds on the concept of a critical mass and integrates a number of influence factors that...

Modern principles for the treatment of open fractures include stabilisation of the bone and management of the soft tissues. Wound debridement and irrigation is thought to be the mainstay in reducing the incidence of infection. Although numerous studies on animals and humans have focused on the type of irrigation performed, little is known of the factors which influence irrigation. This paper ev...

daho has approximately 4 million acres of irrigated agricultural land. Most of it is in pasture and hay crops, grain crops, potatoes, and sugar beets, in hierarchical order. Table 1 shows the number of irrigated acres in the state by crop for 1994. Nearly all of this land is irrigated by either sprinklers (59 percent) or surface irrigation systems (40 percent), with only a very small amount (le...

The study of two-phase fluid flow behavior in hydraulic structures such as pressurized flow tunnels, culverts, sewer pipes, junctions and other similar conduits is of great importance. A two-phase mixture flowing in a pipe can exhibit several interfacial geometries such as bubbles, slugs or films, depending on the fluid and hydrodynamic properties of flow. The main variables, giving rise to a v...

Objectives/Goals An enormous amount of real-time information that is available on the Internet can be accessed and used in traditional control systems to improve performance. The objective of this project is to design and build an autonomous control system that manages an irrigation system to save water using Internet-obtained weather forecasts and local-obtained rainwater level information. Me...

Pressurized irrigation distribution systems (PIDSs) play a vital role in intensification, especially the Mediterranean region. The design, operation and management of these can be complex, as they involve several intertwined processes which need to considered simultaneously. For this reason, numerous decision support (DSSs) have been developed are available deal with processes, but independent ...

Despite increasing use of pressurized irrigation methods, most projects worldwide still involve surface systems. Accurate estimation the amount infiltrating water and its spatial distribution in soil is great importance design management furrow Moment analysis has previously been applied to describe subsurface using input data from numerical simulations rather than field measured data, assuming...

The September and October (2013) wind storms in Canterbury, New Zealand had highest worldwide reported windstorm damaged on centre pivot irrigation systems. Around 800 centre pivot has been damaged and it cost farmers millions dollars directly and indirectly. It was very difficult to find the engineering proofed recommendation for farmers to protect their irrigation systems during windstorms. T...