Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is a series of wireless networks consisting several nodes in limited area. Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy (LEACH) and Grid-Based (G-LEACH) methods are clustering used to collet data by the WSN The process for both same, namely select node as Cluster head (CH) whose job from other sink. selection CH carried out each round taking into account probability fo...

Sensor webs consisting of nodes with limited battery power and wireless communications are deployed to collect useful information from the field. Gathering sensed information in an energy efficient manner is critical to operating the sensor network for a long period of time. In [12], a data collection problem is defined where, in a round of communication, each sensor node has a packet to be sen...

Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) are the network of sensor nodes which communicate with each other and with the base station using wireless channel. Due to extensive use of wireless sensor networks it is necessary to improve its security. WSN nodes are prone to physical attacks. Wireless sensor networks (WSN) face security threats so traditional key management schemes are no longer accurate for WS...

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) consist of small nodes with sensing, computation, and wireless communications capabilities. Many routing, power management, and data dissemination protocols have been specifically designed for WSNs where energy awareness is an essential design issue. In wireless sensor networks (WSN) power is the most essential resource because sensor node has limited batteries. ...

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) plays vital role in research field. Due to its rapidly increasing application in monitoring various kinds of environment by sensing physical phenomenon. Clustering is an efficient and effective method to enhance performance of the WSNs system. In this project work, we study a secure transmission of data for cluster-based WSNs (CWSNs), where the clusters are formed...

Beneficial reuse of coal combustion byproducts, e.g., in highway construction, requires an evaluation of metal leaching potential. Metal leaching from high-carbon fly ash in soil mixes typical of highway embankment construction was evaluated using different soil-fly ash mixtures and three common leaching tests: the water leach test (WLT), the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP), a...