Background Chronic orofacial pain conditions such as trigeminal neuropathic pain, reflex sympathetic dystrophy of the face, and temporomandibular pain disorders are debilitating pain conditions. They are known to respond poorly to treatment including opioids in human patients. There is a pressing need to better understand the mechanisms of these chronic orofacial pain conditions so that new and...

BACKGROUND New research criteria for preclinical Alzheimer's disease have been proposed, which include stages for cognitively normal individuals with abnormal amyloid markers (stage 1), abnormal amyloid and neuronal injury markers (stage 2), or abnormal amyloid and neuronal injury markers and subtle cognitive changes (stage 3). We aimed to investigate the prevalence and long-term outcome of pre...

  Objective: Numerous studies have emphasized on the importance of developing an ideal educational system for high-quality dental education. The present study sought to assess the perception of dental students on operative dentistry education in Department of Restorative Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti Dental School, Tehran, Iran.   Methods: In this descriptive cross-sectional study, 220 students we...

BACKGROUND The vast majority of medical interventions introduced into clinical development prove unsafe or ineffective. One prominent explanation for the dismal success rate is flawed preclinical research. We conducted a systematic review of preclinical research guidelines and organized recommendations according to the type of validity threat (internal, construct, or external) or programmatic r...

Empowerment of women has emerged as an important issue in recent times. The economic empowerment of women is being regarded these days as a Sine-quo-non of progress for a country; hence, the issue of economic empowerment of women is of paramount importance to political thinkers, social scientists and reformers. The Self Help Groups (SHGs) have paved the way for economic independence of rural wo...

This study presents comparative analysis of high-resolution satellite imagery taken on different dates around a detected incident of interest. Under an assumption of a micro-detail land monitoring and disturbance detection interests we compared the patterns of image captured disturbances on the analyzed site and leveraged their interpretation with knowledge published on relevant subjects. The i...

BACKGROUND Diabetic retinopathy is a microvascular neurodegenerative disorder in diabetic patients. Peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer changes have been described in patients with preclinical diabetic retinopathy, but study results have been inconsistent. OBJECTIVE To assess changes in peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in diabetic patients with preclinical diabetic retino...

A reliable test of manual dexterity could potentially have utility in dental education. Recently, haptic technologies have emerged that may offer a means of testing manual dexterity in the preclinical setting. The purpose of this study was to determine whether performance on a complex haptic simulator exercise was associated with preclinical operative dentistry practical examination scores or t...

STUDY DESIGN A systematic review of the literature for clinical and preclinical evidence related to timing of decompression following spinal cord injury (SCI). OBJECTIVE A review of the literature in search of consensus on what constitutes the ideal time frame for surgical management of SCI. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Optimal timing for surgical management of SCI remains poorly defined. Des...