Explanatory and pragmatic trials represent ends of a continuum of attitudes about clinical trial design. Recent literature argues that pragmatic trials are more informative about clinical care in the real world. Although there is place for more pragmatic studies to inform clinical practice and health policy decision-making, we are concerned that it is generally under-appreciated that extrapolat...

veryfew attempts have been made in the past to develop instruments to measure pragmatic knowledge of second language (l2) learners. the absence of such instruments in the literature of english language teaching (elt) underscores the need for the researchers to develop new tests that are specifically designed to assess this crucial but less explored aspect of language learners’ (lls) knowledge. ...

Abstract This study investigates the linguistic expression of bring and take events more generally semantic domain directed caused accompanied motion (‘directed CAM’) across a sample eight languages Pacific Americas. Unlike English, majority in our do not lexicalise CAM by simple verbs, but rather encode defining meaning components – motion, accompaniment, directedness morphosyntactically compl...

This study argues that idiomatic expressions are essentially used as pragmatic messages which heavily laden with implicatures and/or contextual effects. implies not pure propositional elements necessarily have (non-compositional) semantic content, whereas any affiliated context. In this study, we defend an alternative view idioms composed of fixed plus a variant speaker-related meaning. order t...

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is traditionally associated with motor symptoms. However, impairments in language functioning may also accompany this disorder. The present study investigated pragmatic language deficits in PD and their relationship to cognitive functioning. Forty patients with PD were compared to ageand IQ-matched controls on measures of pragmatic language functioning using the Test of...

Abstract Researchers studying language variation and change induced by contact with English initially focused on the linguistic integration of source (SL) material in morphophonological structure receptor (RL). Shifting attention toward sociopragmatic localization lexical material, researchers now foreground both social identity work conducted pragmatic functions lexemes heritage alternatives. ...