This paper addresses the issue of responsibilities within organizations of agents. The main aim of the research is to provide a formal analysis of the connections between collective obligations to individual responsibilities. Which individual agent in a group should be held responsible if an obligation directed to the whole group is not fulfilled? To this aim, concepts from planning literature ...

according to the reason and philosophy of powers separation, scientists and experts in public law mention it as a guaranty for security and prevention against despotism. therefore the principle of the powers separation is one of the most vital discussions about natural rights of nations which are due to controlling political power and preventing power centralization. in islamic republic of iran...