A enrollment rates are increasing in Guatemala, educational attainment continues to be among the lowest in Latin America as a result of late entry, repetition, and early dropout. Vast inequalities in access and attainment— linked to ethnicity, gender, poverty, and geography—remain. Adult literacy, estimated at 85 percent in Latin America, is just 70 percent in Guatemala (UNDP 2004). While indig...

This paper examines the linkages between calorie deprivation and poverty in rural India at a disaggregated level. It aims to explore the trends and pattern in levels of nutrient intake across social and economic groups. A spatial analysis at the state and NSS-region level unravels the spatial distribution of calorie deprivation in rural India. The gap between incidence of poverty and calorie de...

Although stress is often hypothesized to contribute to the effects of neighborhoods on health, very few studies have investigated associations of neighborhood characteristics with stress biomarkers. This study helps address the gap in the literature by examining whether neighborhood characteristics are associated with cortisol profiles. Analyses were based on data from the Multi-Ethnic Study of...

Despite its widespread usage, the meaning of the term ‘development’ remains vague, tending to refer to a set of beliefs and assumptions about the nature of social progress rather than to anything more precise. After presenting a brief history of the term, the author argues that not only will development fail to address poverty or to narrow the gap between rich and poor, but in fact it both wide...

The majority of rural population in Iran has limited access to agricultural information. However, bridging the digital gap between urban and rural areas has been a major challenge for authorities in Iran. Using Information and Communication Technology (ICT) for poverty reduction and for the economic empowerment of poor women and men in rural areas have been experienced world wide. Tele-centers ...

We evaluate the effectiveness of regional targeting in China’s large-scale poverty alleviation program begun in 1986 by analyzing a panel data set of all counties in China for the period 1981-95. Estimates of models of poor county designation and poverty fund allocation and newly defined targeting gap and targeting error measures show that political factors have affected targeting and that leak...

Hecksher-Ohlin model predicts that gains to trade should flow to abundant factors, which suggests that in developing countries, unskilled labor would benefit most from trade liberalization. The rising skill-premium in the US is often cited in support of standard trade theory. However, these predictions have been challenged by Cunat and Maffezzoli (2001) and Kremer and Maskin (2003). According t...

It has been well established that income inequality and poverty in the United States are high and continue to increase, especially since 2000. There is also empirical evidence of a link between poor health and poverty. Figure 1 shows the proportion of individuals (or, in the case of children, their parents) self-reporting “poor” or “fair” general health, by age group and income quintile. For ev...

Abstract The literature on the concentration of urban poverty has considered two kinds locations as pockets poverty: slums (vs. non-slums) and towns cities). Moving beyond these binaries in discussing spatial poverty, we have made an intersection residential post-reform India using four rounds data from National Sample Survey. proportion relatively poor households was lower city slum areas than...

international experiences reveal that promotion of gender equality paves the way for developmental achievements in a way that it ensures equal living standards and human rights for all individuals. nowadays gender equality is not only one of the principles of human rights but is emphasized for alleviating poverty, upgrading living standards and stabilizing economy. the relation between democrac...