ibn khaldun has played a major role in the shaping of pre-modern population theories. he has proposed some important issues and perspectives on the interaction of population dynamics and development. thus, this paper attempts to explore ibn khaldun’s demographic perspectives and identify his approach to population and development interrelationship. the results indicate that ibn khaldun has intr...

In panel experiments, we randomly assign units to different interventions, measuring their outcomes, and repeating the procedure in several periods. Using potential outcomes framework, define finite population dynamic causal effects that capture relative effectiveness of alternative treatment paths. For a rich class effects, provide nonparametric estimator is unbiased over randomization distrib...