We aimed to estimate the individual and joint impact of age, marital status and diagnosis with sexually transmitted infections (STIs) on HIV acquisition among young women at a population level in Durban, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. A total of 3,978 HIV seronegative women were recruited for four biomedical intervention trials from 2002-2009. Point and interval estimates of partial population at...

BACKGROUND Sunlight exposure and fair skin are major determinants of human vitamin D production, but they are also risk factors for cutaneous malignant melanoma (MM). There is epidemiological evidence that all-cause mortality is related to low vitamin D levels. METHODS We assessed the avoidance of sun exposure as a risk factor for all-cause mortality for 29 518 Swedish women in a prospective ...

OBJECTIVE To determine the risk of herpes zoster (HZ) in children with and without asthma. STUDY DESIGN This study was designed as a population-based case-control study. We examined all children (aged <18 years) with possible HZ in Olmsted County, Minnesota, between 1996 and 2001 (n = 306; identified by International Classification of Diseases, Eighth Revision codes and predetermined criteria...

Population attributable risk (PAR) or etiologic fraction is the proportion of a disease that could be prevented by elimination of a causal risk factor from the population. PAR is likely to be a function of time because both the prevalence of a risk factor and its effect on exposed individuals may change over time, as may the underlying risk of disease. In cohort studies with a wide range of fol...

Diabetes is a well-established cause of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and all-cause mortality. The burden of death attributable to diabetes in the United States is not well quantified, particularly with regard to age. The authors analyzed data from the Second National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES II) (1976-1980) and the NHANES II Mortality Study, in which a nationally represen...

BACKGROUND Various methodologic approaches have been used to estimate the role of risk factors in explaining the social gradient in coronary heart disease (CHD). Our objective was to examine whether there is a discrepancy in results obtained using the relative and absolute approaches. METHODS Data are from the Whitehall II prospective cohort study on 5363 men who were 40- to 62-year-old at th...

Objective. The aim of the present study was to estimate the premature ischemic heart disease (IHD) mortality attributable to alcohol abuse in Russia on the basis of aggregate-level data of mortality and alcohol consumption. Method. Age-standardized sex-specific male and female IHD mortality data for the period 1980-2005 and data on overall alcohol consumption were analyzed by means of autoregre...

Accumulated research evidence suggests that alcohol is a major contributor to premature deaths toll in Russia. The aim of the present study was to estimate the premature adult mortality attributable to alcohol abuse in Russia on the basis of aggregate-level data of all-cause mortality and alcohol consumption. With this purpose age-standardized sex-specific male and female all-cause mortality da...

BACKGROUND Stillbirth rates have changed little over the last decade, and a high proportion of cases are unexplained. This meta-analysis examined whether there are inequalities in stillbirth risks according to sex. METHODS A systematic review of the literature was conducted, and data were obtained on more than 30 million birth outcomes reported in observational studies. The pooled relative ri...