Natural-based biohydrogel has been used widely in industry, not only due to its renewable and abundantly available nature, but also because of non-toxic biocompatible properties. Here, nanocellulose (NC) was prepared using α-cellulose palm oil empty bunches by hydrochloric acid-catalysed hydrolysis membrane dialysis purification bidistilled water. The obtained NC characterised X-ray diffraction...

Objectives This study evaluated smear layer removal by different chemical solutions used with or without ultrasonic activation after post preparation. Materials and Methods Forty-five extracted uniradicular human mandibular premolars with single canals were treated endodontically. The cervical and middle thirds of the fillings were then removed, and the specimens were divided into 9 groups: G...