It is well-documented the political and structural barriers to female descriptive representation in politics and legislatures (see Lovenduski, 2005). Women remain under-represented at every level of government in the UK (Home Office, 2011). This paper adds to the body of research by exploring the political representation of women at local government level. In particular the locus of Scottish lo...

the last decade of the twentieth century saw the rise of a great number of regimes that cannot be easily classified as either authoritarian or democratic but display some characteristics of both—in short, they are semi-authoritarian regimes. They are ambiguous systems that combine rhetorical acceptance of liberal democracy, the existence of some formal democratic institutions, and respect for a...

BACKGROUND Ecological and cross-sectional studies have indicated that conservative political ideology is associated with better health. Longitudinal analyses of mortality are needed because subjective assessments of ideology may confound subjective assessments of health, particularly in cross-sectional analyses. METHODS Data were derived from the 2008 General Social Survey-National Death Inde...

Novel communication technologies significantly influence proactive behaviours by expanding and developing information highways and using satellite and computer facilities in the world. These influences can be examined in political, social, economic, and cultural aspects and so on. The main purpose of current research is to study the cyberspace role in political development from the student's vi...

in the reign of shāh ismā‘īl i, the position-holder wakīl-i nafs-i nafīs-i humāyūn would serve as the regent (nāyib al-salṭana). after six months that this position was held by one of the elites who was a qizilbash turk, shāh ismā‘īl handed it over to a non-turk and continued the same procedure to the end of his life. the present article is mainly intended to study the social origin of the wakī...

this study entitled intellectuals and their relations to alienation: a comparative study of “ghada al-samman and ghazaleh alizadeh novels. the study includes ghada al-samman’s novels, namely: “beirut nightmares”, “the eve of billion”, as it discusses ghazaleh alizadeh’s novels, namely: “idriss house”. this comparative study uses the methods of the american school, which focus on common and unco...

Unlike all other autocracies, authoritarian regimes are, as the ultimate form of authoritarianism, a distinct phenomenon of the modern era. Caused by the crisis of liberal democracy and industrial capitalism of the early twentieth century, and led by radical populist political movements/parties and their leaders, they established themselves as the regimes which marked one of the greatest degree...

BACKGROUND There is increasing recognition that the development of evidence-informed health policy is not only a technical problem of knowledge exchange or translation, but also a political challenge. Yet, while political scientists have long considered the nature of political systems, the role of institutional structures, and the political contestation of policy issues as central to understand...

The expression “for love or money” is generally used to indicate the two extremes, which cover between them the entire spectrum. “I wouldn’t do that for love or money” means I wouldn’t do that in exchange for anything. It can be interesting, however, to read that or as marking not an opposition but a common function that love and money share, somewhat like the or in Spinoza’s famous phrase “deu...