the large amount of computation necessary for obtaining time optimal solution for moving a manipulator on specified path has made it impossible to introduce an on line time optimal control algorithm. most of this computational burden is due to calculation of switching points. in this paper a learning algorithm is proposed for finding the switching points. the method, which can be used for both ...

Background: The present study aimed to investigate the equivalent dose in vital organs, including heart and lung, due to secondary particles produced during breast proton therapy. Materials and Methods: The numerical ORNL female-phantom was improved and simulated using the Monte Carlo MCNPX code. The depth-dose profile of proton beams with different energies was simulated. The proper energy ran...

The phase I trial in the oncology treatment development paradigm is supremely challenged on the one hand by being required to identify a satisfactory dose/regimen that will be carried forward in pilot and definitive efficacy evaluations and on the other hand to minimize patient's exposure to ineffective doses. The result of this compromise is often scant data on which to base the entire subsequ...

Due to the staggered entry of subjects in phase I trials, some subjects will only be partially through the study when others are ready to be enrolled. Nonetheless, many phase I designs focus solely upon whether or not subjects experience toxicity, thereby determining the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) with a binomial likelihood using data from fully observed subjects. The time-to-event continual ...

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the difference in dose-volumetric data between the analytical anisotropic algorithms (AAA) and the two dose reporting modes of the Acuros XB, namely, the dose to water (AXB_Dw) and dose to medium (AXB_Dm) in lung stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT). Thirty-eight plans were generated using the AXB_Dm in Eclipse Treatment Planning System (TPS) and then ...

background: people who have been administrated radiopharmaceuticals could be a source of radiation to their relatives, medical nurses, and people who are in contact with them. the aim of this work was to estimate radiation dose received by nuclear medicine nurses. materials and methods: in this study, the dose rates at various distances of 5 – 100 cm from 70 patients, who were administered diag...

Our aim in this paper is to prove that a smooth geometrically irreducible curve C of genus 4 over the finite field F8 may have at most 25 F8-points. Our strategy is as follows: if C has more than 18 F8-points, then C may not be hyperelliptic, and so the canonical divisor of C yields an embedding of C into P3F8 . The image of C under this embedding is a degree 6 curve which is precisely the inte...