INTRODUCTION Crooked or deviated nose is a deviation of the nose from the straight vertical position of the face. Extensive pneumatization of the middle turbinate, also called concha bullosa or bullous middle turbinate (BMT) is known to be one of the possible etiologic factors in nasal obstruction, recurrent sinusitis, and headache. There is no study concerning a link between BMT and crooked no...

Consecutive coronal CT scans of the paranasal sinus and radiologic medical records of patients examined at Wilford Hall USAF Medical Center from July 1987 through December 1988 were reviewed for the presence of pneumatization of the uncinate process. Patients with previous alteration of the anatomy of the paranasal sinus due to facial trauma, carcinoma of the paranasal sinus , inverted papillom...

The paranasal sinuses and the mastoid air-cell systems are evaginations of the mucous membrane of the nasal and nasopharyngeal cavities . Separate theories regarding their pneumatization have been suggested. However, correlation studies between the two systems giving a possible clue to a common pneumatizing process have been few (1 , 2]. One hundred adult patients without ear disease and minima...

Tympanosclerosis is an abnormal connective tissue reaction with hyaline degeneration and calcification in the tympanic membrane and submucosa of the middle ear. It is an irreversible, non-spesific end-result chronic inflammation or infection of the middle ear. The process occurs in the lamina propria layer of submucosa. A homogenous mass takes place by thickening and fusion of the collagenous f...