Introduction Conclusions References

Difficulties remain with theoretical explanations of the apparent reduced zonal sea surface temperature gradient in the tropical Pacific of the Pliocene. One favored hypothesis is that it was a ‘‘permanent El Niño’’ state, with the warm phase of ENSO remaining fixed over millions of years. Here, an alternative is suggested— that there was a ‘‘perpetually running ENSO’’ with a shorter return tim...

Clastic sediments in the Bengal Fan contain a Neogene history of erosion and weathering of the Himalaya. We present data on clay mineralogy, major element, stable and radiogenic isotope abundances from Lower Miocene-Pleistocene sediments from ODP Leg 116. Nd and Sr isotope data show that the Himalayan provenance for the eroded material has varied little since > 17 Ma. However, from 7 to 1 Ma sm...

BACKGROUND AND AIMS Repeated hybridization and/or polyploidization confound classification and phylogenetic inference, and multiple colonizations at different time scales complicate biogeographical reconstructions. This study investigates whether such processes can explain long-term controversies in Anthoxanthum, and in particular its debated relationship to the genus Hierochloë, the evolution ...

Carcharocles megalodon is considered a macropredatory shark that inhabited the seas around world from middle Miocene to late Pliocene. In Argentina, it has only been formally recorded at two localities. Here, we report first record for this taxon in Buenos Aires Province. This occurrence based on an isolated tooth recovered beach Punta Médanos locality, which lacks clear stratigraphic context. ...

in the urumieh-dokhtar volcanic zone, there are nearly parallel faults to the zagros zone.they were formed during collision of the arabic plate with central iran plate. the northwest-southeast trending of qom-zefreh fault system has long been recognized as major faults in central iran. the general aim of this research is to identify the activity period of this fault and the extent of its effect...

Aetobatus (Myliobatiformes: Aetobatidae) is a living genus of eagle rays that occurs in shallow-marine, tropical and subtropical environments the Atlantic, Pacific, Indian Oceans. Nowadays, does not inhabit cool- to warm-temperate European Mediterranean waters, though it known from this broad region by virtue several fossil teeth ranging chronostratigraphically lower Palaeogene upper Neogene. T...

The details and mechanisms for Neogene river reorganization in the U.S. Pacific Northwest northern Rocky Mountains have been debated over a century with key implications how tectonic volcanic systems modulate topographic development. To evaluate paleo-drainage networks, we produced an expansive data set provenance analysis of detrital zircon U-Pb ages from Miocene to Pleistocene fluvial strata ...

The Hengduan Mountains region (HMR) on the southeastern Tibetan Plateau, supports a high diversity of herbs, particularly in its subalpine to alpine ecosystems, due altitude and cool temperate climate. Current understanding formation such herbaceous richness is based chiefly molecular phylogenies; however, direct geological evidence lacking because herbs are rarely preserved as macroscopic foss...

The cold and warm intervals during the Plio-Pleistocene provide an opportunity to assess response of Asian summer monsoon (ASM) different levels global warming. In this study, northern edge ASM, a sensitive indicator advance retreat ASM rain belt, was analyzed using climate outputs from PMIP3 PlioMIP1, for Last Glacial Maximum (LGM, ?21,000 yr BP), preindustrial, mid-Holocene (?6,000 mid-Plioce...