Herbivorous insects use diverse feeding strategies to obtain nutrients from their host plants. Rather than acting as passive victims in these interactions, plants respond to herbivory with the production of toxins and defensive proteins that target physiological processes in the insect. Herbivore-challenged plants also emit volatiles that attract insect predators and bolster resistance to futur...

The analysis of plant-pathogen interactions is a rapidly moving research field and one that is very important for productive agricultural systems. The focus of this review is on the evolution of plant defence responses and the coevolution of their pathogens, primarily from a molecular-genetic perspective. It explores the evolution of the major types of plant defence responses including pathogen...

background: the persian gulf is a suitable habitat for various types of marine species. this study was conducted with the aim of determining the epidemiology and clinical findings of injuries inflicted by marine creatures in the persian gulf, south iran. methods: in this retrospective cross-sectional study, medical records of patients with diagnosis of marine animal exposures treated at 6 refer...

An understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which microbial, plant or animal-secreted toxins exert their action provides the most important element for assessment of human health risks and opens new insights into therapies addressing a plethora of pathologies, ranging from neurological disorders to cancer, using toxinomimetic agents. Recently, molecular and cellular biology dissecting tools...

there were many occupational toxins for central nervous system and peripheral nervous system such as toxic and heavy metals. the aim of this study was introduction of occupational toxins with neurological effects and inflammatory effects specially. it is a review article. researcher found the important data about the occupational toxins for nervous systems. author searched in related journals, ...