PREMISE Invasion processes involve several mechanisms, some of which have received little attention. Allelopathy has been invoked as an invasion driver according to the novel weapon hypothesis (NWH), and polyploidization can also be important factor for success. However, very few studies addressed both topics together. We analyzed allelopathic effect polyploid Oxalis pes-caprae, invader in medi...

Range forage of Vicia variabilis, Astragalus spp., Medicago sativa, Prangos uloptera and Sanguisorba minor was sampled during three phenological stages from the controlled rangeland stations in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province, Iran. Samples were analyzed for the determination of Crude Protein (CP%), Ether Extract (EE), Crude Fiber (CF), total Ash, Neutral Detergent Fiber (NDF), Acid Detergen...

One of the key factors in managing a rangeland is to determine the relative preference of its major plant species by thegrazing livestock. Preference value of each plant species is affected by plant type, companion plants, availability byanimals, phenological stage, climate condition, and the livestock species. We investigated the grazing behaviour of anative goat (Garizi) in the steppe rangela...

Changes in phenology are correlated with climate change. However, we still struggle to understand the traits making species susceptible to climate change, and the implications of species' reactions for communities and food webs. Butterflies and moths are an ecologically important group that have shown pronounced phenological changes over the last decades. Tests using a > 150-year dataset from 5...

Development of wheat (Triticum spp.) is primary driven by temperature, but is also affected by other factors such as vernalization and photoperiod. Crop growth and development are often described in terms of calendar days. However, determining the development in terms of thermal time or physiological time is more accurate because it is an accumulation of the caloric energy needed for the o...

The study of plant under environmental conditions leads to an appreciation of their physical and chemical requirements for growth and reproduction. It contributes to increase the knowledge of where the plants grow. This study was conducted to determine the main autecological characteristics of Salvia hydrangea L. which is an endemic plant distributed in Mazanadarn province, Iran. The habitats o...

Species-specific climate responses within ecological communities may disrupt the synchrony of co-evolved mutualisms that are based on the shared timing of seasonal events, such as seed dispersal by ants (myrmecochory). The spring phenology of plants and ants coincides with marked changes in temperature, light and moisture. We investigate how these environmental drivers influence both seed relea...

4.11.1 Ecological Interactions 118 4.11.1.1 Pollination Services 118 4.11.1.2 Sensitivity/Vulnerability of Pollination Services 119 4.11.1.2.1 Temporal Mismatch 119 4.11.1.2.2 Spatial Mismatch 120 4.11.1.2.3 Alteration of Pollinator Networks 121 4.11.1.2.4 Simulated Biodiversity Loss or Phenological Mismatch 121 4.11.1.2.5 Network Comparison Post Habitat-Alteration 122 4.11.2 Ecosystem Service ...