Cholinergic tone contributes to airflow obstruction in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Accordingly, anticholinergics are effective bronchodilators by blocking the muscarinic M3 receptor on airway smooth muscle. Recent evidence indicates that acetylcholine also contributes to airway inflammation. However, which muscarinic receptor subtype(s) regulates this process is unknown. In this stud...

The aim of this study was to compare the time course of neutrophil and macrophage elastinolytic potentials in the lungs of rats exposed daily to cigarette smoke inhalation for 1-6 mo in relation to the onset and progression of cigarette smoke-induced emphysema. Normal room air-exposed rats served as controls. Morphometric data of lung histological sections showed evidence of emphysema lesions i...

There is increasing evidence that the neutrophil chemoattractant proline-glycine-proline (PGP), derived from the breakdown of the extracellular matrix, plays an important role in neutrophil recruitment to the lung. PGP formation is a multistep process involving neutrophils, metalloproteinases (MMPs), and prolyl endopeptidase (PE). This cascade of events is now investigated in the development of...

risk analysis is an important technique to estimate impacts on the environment for adopting effective measures to avoid risks. this field study was conducted to investigate the risk of brick kiln (bk) smoke on the shoots of acacia arabica. different phenotypic parameters including morphology and growth of shoots and epidermal imprints of the leaves were studied in the vicinity of a brick kiln s...

The present study focuses on the optimization in the use of non-petroleum fuel derived from waste fish oil fuels, as a replacement for petroleum diesel fuel for compression ignition engine. The study comprises of comparison between results of fish oil biodiesel-diesel blends on a compression ignition engine. Fuel properties such as viscosity, density, heat value of fuel, cetane number and a fla...

Wildfires have increased in frequency and severity over the past two decades, threatening to undo substantial air quality improvements. We investigate relationship between wildfire smoke exposure learning outcomes across United States using standardized test scores from 2009–2016 for nearly 11,700 school districts satellite-derived estimates of daily exposure. Relative a year with no smoke, ave...

randomly amplified polymorphic dna (rapd) markers were used to analyze genetic stability of the somatic embryogenesis-derived regenerants (r1-6) and mother plant in iranian date palm (phoenix dactylifera l.) cultivar khanizi. total genomic dna extracted from in vitro fresh leaves of regenerated plants and mother plant was amplified using 10-mer oligonucleotide fermantas primers. four primers of...

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) causes significant morbidity and mortality. Cigarette smoke, the most common risk factor for COPD, induces airway and alveolar epithelial barrier permeability and initiates an innate immune response. Changes in abundance of aquaporin 5 (AQP5), a water channel, can affect epithelial permeability and immune response after cigarette smoke exposure. To d...

Where is acetaldehyde derived from? Acetaldehyde in human body is derived from three principal sources: 1) by in vivo synthesis in the liver, where it is rapidly metabolized into acetic acid and water; 2) acetaldehyde also exists in the saliva, derived from cigarette smoke or produced by the microbial flora of the oral cavity and pharynx (also in non-smokers); 3) the third important source of a...

ABSTRACT Commonly known as a highly toxic chemical, cyanide is also an essential reagent for many industrial processes. It naturally occurs in plant seeds as cyanogenic glycosides. Another relatively common mode of cyanide exposure is inhalation of environmental tobacco smoke. This study concerns importance to determine cyanide ion in human biological samples. Urine and saliva samples were coll...