This work presents a dual-junction, single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) with electrical μ-lens designed and simulated in 90 nm standard complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology. The evaluated structure can collect the photons impinging beneath the pixel guard ring, as well as the pixel active area. The fill factor of the SPAD increases from 12.5% to 42% in comparison with simi...

We have developed photon-counting-type one and two dimensional CdTe X-ray image sensors with an energy-discrimination function. The one and two dimensional CdTe image sensors consist of 64 CdTe diodes with a pixel size of 0.8 mm  0.5 mm  0.5 mm (thickness) and 512 CdTe diodes with 0.8  2.0 mm  0.5 mm (thickness), respectively. Using these image sensors, we have demonstrated energy-discrimin...

radiotherapy dose calculations can be evaluated by monte carlo (mc) simulations with acceptable accuracy for dose prediction in complicated treatment plans. in this work, standard, livermore and penelope electromagnetic (em) physics packages of geant4 application for tomographic emission (gate) 6.1 were compared versus monte carlo n-particle extended (mcnpx) 2.6 in simulation of 6 mv photon lin...

The photoconductive excitation spectrum of GaP:N (ZnTe) diodes was measured irradiating the samples from pand n-side unter forward and reverse bias conditions. The ionization thresholds of S and Te donors as well as transitions from their ground states to excited bound levels with subsequent ionization by the electric field could be seen. The observed minima in the continuum above the ionizatio...

This paper gives a literature review of detection theory and information theory in the Poisson regime, where the channel model is a Poisson point process whose instantaneous rate is controlled by the input. I. Communication under the Poisson Regime In the semi-classical model of photodetection, the output of the photodetector (e.g. a p-i-n diode) is the superposition of two independent Poisson ...

Introduction. With the snowballing requirement of renewable resources energy, solar energy has been an area key concern to increasing demand for electricity. Solar photovoltaic gotten a considerable amount consideration from researchers in recent years. Purpose. For generating nearly realistic curves cell model it is needed estimate unknown parameters with utmost precision. The five include dio...

The purpose of this study is to perform dosimetric validation of Monaco treatment planning system version 5.1. The Elekta VersaHD linear accelerator with high dose rate flattening filter-free photon modes and electron energies was used in this study. The dosimetric output of the new Agility head combined with the FFF photon modes warranted this investigation into the dosimetric accuracy prior t...

Small photon fields are increasingly used in modern radiotherapy and especially in IMRT and SRS/SRT treatments. Accurate beam profile measurements of such beams are crucial for a precise and effective treatment. In this work four different dosimetric methods have been used for profile measurements of three small 6 MV circular fields having diameters of 7.5, 15.0 and 30.0 mm. A small sensitive v...

Bio-compatible magnetic fluids having high saturation magnetization find immense applications in various biomedical fields. Aqueous ferrofluids of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles with narrow size distribution, high shelf life and good stability is realized by controlled chemical co-precipitation process. The crystal structure is verified by X-ray diffraction technique. Particle sizes...

Introduction: Breast cancer is one of the most common known cancers in women all around the world. It is the most common cause of death in women after lung cancer. Radiotherapy is a method for therapy of cancer in which certain dose of high energy radiations is used to destruct cancer cells. Radiotherapy is designed so that radiation of eartain does to the target area in body i...