The production of final state photons in deep inelastic scattering originates from photon radiation off leptons or quarks involved in the scattering process. Photon radiation off quarks involves a contribution from the quark-to-photon fragmentation function, corresponding to the non-perturbative transition of a hadronic jet into a single, highly energetic photon accompanied by some limited hadr...

europium (eu) doped zno microsphere based nano-sheets were synthesized through hydrothermal method. effects of different concentrations of europium on structural and optical properties of zno nano-sheets were investigated in detail. prepared un-doped and eu-doped zno samples were characterized using x-ray diffraction (xrd), energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (edx), scanning electron microscop...

We consider the high energy physics advantages, disadvantages and luminosity requirements of hadron (pp, pp̄), lepton (ee, μμ ) and photon-photon colliders. Technical problems in obtaining increased energy in each type of machine are presented. The machines relative size are also discussed.

introduction the potential hazards posed by exposure to radiation from radon have been of great concern worldwide, since it is especially associated with increased risk of lung cancer. some radioisotopes of radon progeny deposited in the human lungs emit β particles followed by the γ rays. while γ rays are comparatively less damaging to the respiratory system than α and β particles, it is the p...

We have considered the processes which lead to elastic scattering between two far ultraviolet or X–ray photons while they propagate inside a solid, modeled as a simple electron gas. The new ingredient, with respect to the standard theory of photon–photon scattering in vacuum, is the presence of low–energy, nonrelativistic electron–hole excitations. Owing to the existence of two–photon vertices,...

BACKGROUND Photon beam is most widely being used for radiation therapy. Biological effect of radiation is concerned with the evaluation of energy absorbed in the tissues. It was aimed to analyse the depth dose characteristics of x-ray beams of diverse energies to enhance the quality of radiotherapy treatment planning. METHODS Depth dose characteristics of different energy photon beams in wate...

 Introduction: Monte Carlo method is often applied in radiation therapy as utilized in all the branches of science. An important requirement for successful radiotherapy is carefully examine the dose distribution specifications and decrease the difference between these features with experience to an acceptable level. In this study, the characteristics of 6, 15 and 20 MeV incident x-rays are prov...

We report a new, highly sensitive method for indirectly measuring fluorescence from ions with a discrete number of water molecules attached. Absorption of a 248 nm photon by hydrated protonated proflavine, PH(+)(H(2)O)(n) (n = 13-50), results in two resolved product ion distributions that correspond to full internal conversion of the photon energy (loss of approximately 11 water molecules) and ...

thin films of binary bi 0 -teo and bi 0 -v 0 systems were prepared by the thermal co-evaporation technique in a vacuum at room temperature. the optical absorption edge of these systems are studied in the wavelength of 200-800 nm using a perkin-elmer uv/vis spectrophotometer. it is found that the value of n=3/2 in the davis-mott equation is best fitted for the fundamental absorption edge for the...

A photon induced shower at Eprim ≥ 10 18 eV exhibits very specific features and is different from a hadronic one. At such energies, the LPM effect ([6], [8]) delays in average the first interactions of the photon in the atmosphere and hence slows down the whole shower development. They also have a smaller muonic content than hadronic ones. The response of a surface detector such as that of the ...