In this paper a modified version NXM of traditional 5X5 playfair cipher is introduced which enable the user to encrypt message of any Natural language by taking appropriate size of the matrix depending upon the size of the natural language. 5X5 matrix has the capability of storing only 26 characters of English language and unable to store characters of any language having more than 26 character...

A survey was conducted on 446 newspaper journalists working in Karachi, who do journalism Sindhi, Urdu, and English languages, to understand the reasons for their job quitting. The findings revealed that low salaries, insecurity, inconvenient administrative policies are why leave profession permanently. Additionally, a statistical test showed most significant issue is receiving uncompetitive es...

We give an overview of multilingual speech synthesis using the IPOX system. The first part discusses work in progress for various languages: Tashlhit Berber, Urdu and Dutch. The second part discusses a multilingual phonological grammar, which can be adapted to a particular language by setting parameters and adding languagespecific details.

Studying the areas where minority languages can be strengthened through their use and promotion as functional is crucial right now. The purpose of current research to examine institution media in multilingual communities. Multilingual, multicultural, multiethnic populations found Jammu Kashmir, a union territory India, particularly region Kashmir division. In addition linguistic diversity, ther...

Indian sub-continent is one of those unique parts of the world where single languages are written in different scripts. This is the case for example with Punjabi, written in Indian East Punjab in Gurmukhi script (a Left to Right script based on Devnagri) and in Pakistani West Punjab, it is written in Shahmukhi (a Right to Left script based on Perso-Arabic). This is also the case with other lang...

In this paper we improve Urdu→Hindi English machine translation through triangulation and transliteration. First we built an Urdu→Hindi SMT system by inducing triangulated and transliterated phrase-tables from Urdu–English and Hindi–English phrase translation models. We then use it to translate the Urdu part of the Urdu-English parallel data into Hindi, thus creating an artificial Hindi-English...

Urdu is still considered a low-resource language despite being ranked as world’s $10^{th}$ most spoken with nearly 230 million speakers. The scarcity of benchmark datasets in languages has led researchers to utilize more ingenious techniques curb the issue. One such option widely adopted use translation services replicate existing from resource-rich English languages, Urdu. For natural processi...