Studies on the occurrence of pharmaceuticals show that the widely used pharmaceuticals ibuprofen and diclofenac are present in relevant concentrations in the environment. A pilot plant treating hospital wastewater with relevant concentrations of these pharmaceuticals was evaluated for its performance to reduce the concentration of the pharmaceuticals. Ibuprofen was completely removed, whereas d...

BACKGROUND The rate of increase in spending on specialty pharmaceuticals is outpacing by far the rate of increase in spending for other drugs. OBJECTIVE To explore the strategies payers are using in response to challenges related to coverage, cost, clinical management, and access of specialty pharmaceuticals and to describe the potential implications for key stakeholders, including patients, ...

OBJECTIVE To describe the current practices and policy of Australian private health insurance (PHI) companies with respect to cover for pharmaceuticals not subsidised under the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS). DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS A 2008 review of web-published policy statements for top-level hospital and comprehensive general treatment insurance, and survey of reimbursement ...

Hospital wastewater contributes a significant input of pharmaceuticals into municipal wastewater. The combination of suspended activated sludge and biofilm processes, as stand-alone or as hybrid process (hybrid biofilm and activated sludge system (Hybas™)) has been suggested as a possible solution for hospital wastewater treatment. To investigate the potential of such a hybrid system for the re...

Nowadays, sterilization process is used for the benefit of humans in different areas of daily life. This includes the sterilisation of medical supplies and pharmaceuticals, in particular agent and auxiliary materials, decontamination of medical equipment, and decontamination of industry, for example drug-herb and vegetable products are used in broad areas. Gamma irradiation sterilisation method...

INTRODUCTION Role of marketing in pharmaceutical industry is increasing and inspiration by successful brands known from consumer goods market influenced pharmaceutical companies enough to switch their attention to branding initiatives. Still there is little evidence that pharmaceutical brands represent anything more than product only. OBJECTIVES AND METHODS This study aims to explore the area...

Pharmaceuticals are chemicals that are used because of their biological activity. They are often excreted unchanged and can reach the environment. Throughout developed countries, the pharmaceutical concentrations in the aquatic environment are in the same range (μg L−1 and below); however, it is not clear whether this holds for less-developed countries too. The health risks of active pharmaceut...

In the pharmaceutical industry, toxicology testing is normally done by preclinical scientists during the Development phase. In the last decade, the implementation of high-throughput screens during the Discovery phase has resulted in an ever-increasing number of lead candidates to be selected for drug development. The low throughput of the conventional safety tests is a bottleneck in the drug-de...

Carbon monoxide (CO) was ignored by the medical research community for decades, who thought that no biological relevance could emerge from exploring the physiological effects of a gas that had earned itself a reputation over the years as a ‘silent killer’ [2] . The well-known poisoning by carbon monoxide is a result of it binding to Hemoglobin, the oxygen carrier in blood with very high affinit...

We consider a therapeutic market with potentially three pharmaceutical firms. Two of the firms offer horizontally differentiated brand-name drugs. One of the brand-name drugs is a new treatment under patent protection that will be introduced if the profits are sufficient to cover the entry costs. The other brand-name drug has already lost its patent and faces competition from a third firm offer...