OBJECTIVES Many European countries regulate the markets for prescription drugs in order to cope with rising health expenditures. On the other hand, regulation distorts incentives to invest in pharmaceutical R&D. This study aims at empirically assessing the impact of regulation on pharmaceutical R&D expenditures. METHODS We analyze a sample of 20 leading pharmaceutical companies between 2000 a...

The question of how and when to communicate potential risks associated with new drugs has remained an important focus of tension between the pharmaceutical industry and regulatory entities, such as the American Food and Drug Administration. Recently there has been widespread concern related to the cardiovascular risks associated with the use of Avandia, a rosiglitazone produced by Glaxo Smith K...

In summary, I think the industry is doing the right things to return to profitability. Rates are increasing, underwriting and products are tightening, claim administration is becoming more proactive, and reserves are being strengthened. I think this will lead to future profitability, and future profitability will attract some new companies into the marketplace. The real long-term question is, o...

The ballistic performance of the lightweight armour systems was examined to obtain an estimate for the V50 and the global damage of the composite plates. All estimates were performed by varying the thickness of ceramic tiles, while maintaining equal areal density of the system. Simulation predictions and trial results is demonstrated both in terms of deformation and damage of the laminates and ...

In Australia, HTAs for medicines are carried out in two phases. First, a pharmaceutical company makes a submission to the Therapeutic Goods Administration, which assesses a medicine’s efficacy and safety. If the medicine is approved, an application can be made to the Pharmaceutical Benefits Advisory Committee (PBAC) to have the medicine subsidised by the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS). Th...

Being complex and combinatorial optimization problems, Permutation Flow Shop Scheduling Problems (PFSSP) are difficult to be solved optimally. PFSSP occurs in many manufacturing systems i.e. automobile industry, glass paper appliances pharmaceutical the generation of best schedule is very important for these systems. Evolution Strategy (ES) a subclass Evolutionary algorithms this paper, we prop...

AIM To descriptively analyze the policy environment surrounding the Polish generic medicines retail market. METHOD The policy analysis was based on an international literature review. Also, a simulation exercise was carried out to compute potential savings from substituting generic for originator medicines in Poland using IMS Health pharmaceutical intelligence data. RESULTS Poland has a mat...

A set of tools that is being developed for the automated inspection of rubble-mound breakwaters, as well as its application to the survey of Sines' west breakwater armour layer, are described. The results from the IRIS surveys are compared to those of the surveys carried out by the Portuguese Hydrographic Institute and first assessment of the structure evolution between 2000 and 2003 is made.

Background The nature of police work often necessitates use of Individual Light Armour Vests (ILAVs) for officer protection. Previous research has demonstrated various biomechanical and physical performance impacts of ILAVs, however, little knowledge exists on the individual officer's perceptions of ILAV. The aim of this study was to investigate officers' perceptions of the impacts of three dif...