In an influential model of pattern formation, a gradient of Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signalling in the chick wing bud specifies cells with three antero-posterior positional values, which give rise to three morphologically different digits by a self-organizing mechanism with Turing-like properties. However, as four of the five digits of the mouse limb are morphologically similar in terms of phalange...

Protowenella is an early–middle Cambrian, isostrophically coiled, calcareous microfossil originally described from the middle Cambrian (Miaolingian) of Australia; it has been referred previously to molluscan classes Monoplacophora, Helcionelloida or Gastropoda. A unique specimen Henson Gletscher Formation (Miaolingian Series, Wuliuan Stage) North Greenland a bilaterally symmetrical operculum pr...

abstract a solitary plasmacytoma of bone occurs in approximately 2-5% of patients with myeloma. the lesion mostly found in the axial skeleton and have infrequently been reported to arise in the hand, and usually occur in the distal phalanges. we report the interesting case of a 75-year-old man who developed a solitary lytic lesion of the thumb proximal phalanx. this lesion was explored through ...

Symptomatic Disease Bone disease in its florid form, osteitis fibrosa cystica generalizata, is now rarely seen. In 1947 Norris (1) found an incidence of this condition of 91% in those with a parathyroid adenoma. The earliest changes can be detected by X-rays of the hands where subperiosteal erosions can be detected in the phalanges (especially radial aspect of the middle phalanges) and terminal...

Fractures of the metacarpals and phalanges represent 40% of all upper extremity fractures. Complications associated with these fractures are also prevalent, and can arise with both conservative and surgical treatment of hand fractures, making treatment of complications an essential part of caring for these injuries. In this article the treatment of complications associated with open fractures a...

Cleidocranial dysplasia is a autosomal dominant inherited disorder, and it is the primary disorder of the bone. When the clinicians’ suspect this syndrome, they check for the presence of clavicles. In the literature, yet several other features are reported. Several researches including Chromosomal studies and dermatoglyphics are carried out, for the prevention and management strategies’. This r...

Cleidocranial dysplasia (CCD), also known as Scheuthauer Marie-Sainton Syndrome, is a rare autosomal dominant inherited disorder, characterized by general retardation in bone ossification, hypoplastic clavicles and various craniofacial and dental abnormalities. Early diagnosis of CCD can be difficult, because the majority of craniofacial abnormalities become obvious only during adolescence. We ...