This book is a collection of articles referring to the presentations delivered during a one-day workshop consisting of 12 invited tutorials. That workshop was a part of “Vienna Summer of Logic” in July 2014. The format itself (I did not attend the event) indicates tutorials of a moderate length devoted to a multitude of deduction tools. The reviewed volume consists of twelve chapters, i.e. pape...

Avestan’ is the name of the ritual language of Zoroastrianism, which was the state religion of the Iranian empire in Achaemenid, Arsacid and Sasanid times, covering a time span of more than 1200 years. It is named after the ‘Avesta’, i.e., the collection of holy scriptures that form the basis of the religion which was allegedly founded by Zarathushtra, also known as Zoroaster, by about the begi...

Background: Chemical warfare agents (CWA) were most notably used during the First World War in Europe, against Iranians and Kurdish citizens of Iraq at the hands of Saddam Hossein’s regime in 1980s and more recently in Syria. The use of CWA is banned under the international law. Methods: Ancient uses of CWA are not well studied. Recently, their use during the Persian siege of the Roman-held Dur...

VICTORY ( í ) was the last word uttered by Philippides, before collapsing, at the end of the 42-km run from the fields of Marathon to Athens, where he had been sent to announce the victory against the Persians in 490 BC. In modern Olympic games, the marathon has been introduced as a 42.2-km road run, with a 2008 world record of 2 h, 3 min, and 59 s. It has been said that winning the Olympic mar...

History written without psychological insight is like a meal without salt and spices: dull, tasteless and flat. Herodotus, the father of all historians, is so readable today because he characterized all his figures, from the most ancient Egyptians and Persians to his contemporary Greeks, by their likes and dislikes, by their loves and hates, their ambitions and frustrations, their motives good ...

Arrhythmias in the athlete can range from benign and asymptomatic to highly symptomatic and life-threatening. There is risk of not diagnosing an important cardiovascular condition which may predispose to a serious or life threatening arrhythmia. At the same time there is the risk of unnecessarily restricting the athlete with a more benign condition. Sudden cardiac death in the athlete, although...

The realistic representation of the human figure is one of the hallmarks of ancient Greek art. It reflects the increasing importance of observation in that culture. In painting and sculpture the transition from pure decoration to naturalist representation began in the Archaic period (600 – 480 BC), and continued through the Pre-Classical (480 – 450 BC) and Classical (450 – 400 BC) periods of Gr...