The swine-origin H1N1 virus which emerged in 2009 resulted in the first influenza pandemic of the 21(st) century. Although the majority of infections were moderate, a significant proportion of infections were severe and characterized by acute respiratory distress syndrome and pulmonary edema. We compared two isolates from the 2009 H1N1 pandemic; A/California/07/09 (CA/07) and A/Netherlands/602/...

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune inflammatory disease in which unknown arthrogenic autoantigen is presented to CD4+ T cells. The strong association of the disease with an epitope within the HLA-DR chain shared between various alleles of HLA-DR4 and DR1 emphasizes the importance of antigen presentation. This immune response predominantly occurs in the synovial tissue and fluid o...

Leukocyte infiltration and adhesion molecule activation play a central role in the pathogenesis of angiotensin II (Ang II)–induced end-organ damage in double transgenic rats (dTGR) harboring human renin and angiotensinogen genes. We tested the hypothesis that the immunosuppressive agent cyclosporine (CsA) protects against the Ang II–induced myocardial and renal damage in dTGR. Furthermore, we i...

Objective: To detect mast cells in normal human skin and mast cell infiltration in skin biopsies in patients with systemic sclerosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, Raynaud’s phenomenon, and persons not suffering from any systemic disease. Material and methods: Paraffin histological sections were stained with toluidine blue and by immunoperoxidase method for the von Willebrand factor. Results: I...

The migration of lymphocytes into the CNS during viral encephalitis is hindered by the blood-brain barrier (BBB) such that most infiltrating cells remain localized to perivascular spaces. This sequestration of leukocytes away from the parenchyma is believed to protect the CNS from immunopathologic injury. Infections of the CNS with highly cytopathic neurotropic viruses, such as West Nile virus ...

OBJECTIVE Primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) is a specific type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma with poor prognosis. The rare incidence of this disease and difficulty to obtain sufficient tissue material impede deep research into PCNSL. However, application of modern molecular techniques makes it possible to find biological characteristics exclusive to PCNSL. Therefore, we systematically r...

CASE REPORT A 22-year-old Malay woman presented with an 11-year history of asymptomatic, unilateral brown patches affecting the right arm, right side of the trunk, and right leg. There were no prior skin lesions or inflammation. There was no significant medical or family history. Physical examination found linear hyperpigmented atrophic patches on the right arm, right trunk extending down to th...

Concentration of hyaluronic acid (HA) in the lungs increases idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). HA is involved organization fibrin, fibronectin, and collagen. has been proposed to be a biomarker potential target for antifibrotic therapy. Hyaluronidase (HD) breaks down into fragments, but subject rapid hydrolysis. A conjugate poloxamer hyaluronidase (pHD) was prepared using protein immobilizat...

The current study investigated the toxicity of ethanol extract _Olea africana_ in mice and brine shrimp _(Artemia salina)_. Brine cytotoxicity acute were observed over 24 hours. Subacute was studied for 28 days using animal weight, organ-to-body weight ratio, hematological, biochemical histological parameters as indicators. Data analysis done Probit regression Two Way ANOVA _(p<0.05)_. letha...

Leukocyte infiltration and adhesion molecule activation play a central role in the pathogenesis of angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced end-organ damage in double transgenic rats (dTGR) harboring human renin and angiotensinogen genes. We tested the hypothesis that the immunosuppressive agent cyclosporine (CsA) protects against the Ang II-induced myocardial and renal damage in dTGR. Furthermore, we i...