although our religious doctrines have given special importance to the execution of legal punishments and penalties for their conventional outcomes, the execution of legal punishments or their suspension in the age of occultation of the infallible imam (a.s.) has been one of the controversial issues in jurisprudence, to the extent that it has created two conflicting fronts; one, a group of disti...

This paper deals with determination of a penalty matrix that should represent differences between various communicative functions. These are supposed to describe expressivity that can occur in expressive speech and were designed to fit a limited domain of conversations between seniors and a computer on a given topic. The penalty matrix is assumed to increase a rate of the expressivity perceptio...

We introduce an algebraic operator framework to study discounted penalty functions in renewal risk models. For inter-arrival and claim size distributions with rational Laplace transform, the usual integral equation is transformed into a boundary value problem, which is solved by symbolic techniques. The factorization of the differential operator can be lifted to the level of boundary value prob...