MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous short non-coding RNAs that repress post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression, while embryonal central nervous system tumors are the foremost cause of mortality in children suffering from a neoplasm. MiRNAs and their regulatory mechanisms are new to understand, while pediatric CNS tumors are difficult to comprehend. Therefore, identification of the link...

Nuclear imaging techniques such as bone scans, metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) scans, and (111)In-diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid-octreotide scans have greatly increased the sensitivity and specificity of both diagnostic and follow-up protocols for pediatric solid tumors. Molecular targets that are specific for certain pediatric tumors are now being developed. Targets include cell membrane re...

Angiogenesis plays a pivotal role in the growth and metastasis of adult and pediatric solid tumors. Clinical investigation of angiogenesis inhibitors is currently under way for childhood cancers. While the pediatric study of aflibercept provides a proof-of-principle, challenges remain in developing clinical endpoints and biomarkers of angiogenesis for pediatric trials.