In vitro aqueous and ethanol extracts of Withania somnifera (leaves and fruits) and Curcuma Longa were evaluated for antibacterial activities against Basillus subtillis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and S.epidermitis. The inorganic extract of W. somnifera leaves showed more antibacterial activity as compared to the organic fraction. While both the organic and inorganic phases of frui...

STUDY OBJECTIVE The objectives of this review were to: (1) assess the nature and comprehensiveness of information regarding HIV/AIDS in Pakistan; (2) to evaluate the extent of HIV/AIDS in Pakistan by epidemiological estimates; (3) to indicate the implications of the results for health policy in Pakistan and other regions at a similar stage in the epidemic. DESIGN A structured review of publis...

1 Assistant Professor, Department of Paediatrics, King Edward Medical University/ Mayo Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan 2 Post Graduate Resident, Department of Paediatrics, King Edward Medical University/ Mayo Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan 3 Chairman and Professor Paediatrics, Department of Paediatrics, King Edward Medical University/ Mayo Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan) 4 Assistant Professor and Head of De...

Pakistan is a country in south-west Asia with an area of 310 403 square miles and a population in 2008 of 173 million. The gross domestic product (GDP) in 2010 was US$ 177 billion with a per capita GDP of US$ 2005, ranking 173rd in the world, and a per capita income of US$ 1257 or 138th in the world rankings. The human development index in 2011 was 0.504 making Pakistan 145th in the world ranki...

In addition to being a major cause of mortality in South Asia, childhood diarrhea creates economic burden for affected households. We used survey data from sites in Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan to estimate the costs borne by households due to childhood diarrhea, including direct medical costs, direct nonmedical costs, and productivity losses. Mean cost per episode was $1.82 in Bangladesh, $3...

Pakistan is located in a severe water-scarce zone, which increases the scope of the reuse of wastewater and resultantly it is now being used for irrigation virtually without treatment and restriction in almost all cities. Treatment ponds have been constructed in some cities of Pakistan, but due to financial constraints most of them are in a nonfunctional condition (Aftab, 1999). The irrigation-...

In August 2010, Pakistan experienced major floods and a subsequent cholera epidemic. To clarify the population dynamics and transmission of Vibrio cholerae in Pakistan, we sequenced the genomes of all V. cholerae O1 El Tor isolates and compared the sequences to a global collection of 146 V. cholerae strains. Within the global phylogeny, all isolates from Pakistan formed 2 new subclades (PSC-1 a...

The higher education has been greatly impacted by worldwide trends. In a result, the universities throughout the world are focusing to enhance performance and efficiency in their workings. Therefore, the higher education has moved their systems to Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems to cope with the needs of changing environment. However, the literature review indicates that there is voi...

Hunger and education are top listed in the millennium development goals and their significance cannot be ignored to achieve high living standards and economic development of the nations. Illiteracy has been termed as economic backwardness which is major cause of conflicts (Do and Iyer, 2009) leading to immobility of the people due to dread and resultantly cause food insecurity amongst them. Amp...

Pakistan faces a human resources for health (HRH) crisis. A cross-sectional survey was conducted to overview frontline health workers. A total of 750 health facilities were surveyed across Pakistan. The median estimate of public sector health care workers in the district health system in Pakistan is 417 288, including 46 153 estimate of public sector health care workers in the district health s...