Inspired by Christopher Alexander’s conception of the world – space is not lifeless or neutral, but a living structure involving far more small things than large ones, a topological representation has been previously developed to characterize the living structure or the wholeness of geographic space. This paper further develops the topological representation and living structure for predicting ...

The classic overall profit needs precise information of inputs, outputs, inputs and outputs price vectors. In real word, all data are not certain. Therefore, in this case, stochastic and fuzzy methods use for measuring overall profit efficiency. These methods require more information about the data such as probability distribution function or data membership function, which in some cases may no...

Housing is viewed as a collection of characteristics that are used to satisfy goals, such as comfort and visual quality. Identifying the most important functions of facade results in improving quality. In this regard, the facade plays a crucial role in creating the borders of inner space in contact with its surroundings and can be considered as an interface. This study aimed to investigate and ...

The literature reports an association between neighbourhood deprivation and individual depression after adjustment for individual factors. The present paper investigates whether vulnerability to neighbourhood features is influenced by individual "activity space" (i.e., the space within which people move about or travel in the course of their daily activities). It can be assumed that a deprived ...