Traditional Knowledge (TK) is essentially culturally oriented or culturally based, and it is integral to the cultural identity of the social group in which it operates and is preserved. “Traditional knowledge” is an open-ended way to refer to tradition-based literary, artistic or scientific works; performances; inventions; scientific discoveries; designs; marks, names and symbols; undisclosed i...

Résumé Dans le shiʿisme duodécimain iranien, deux catégories de traditions populaires (comprenant rituels, pratiques et croyances) ont pris forme au cours du temps autour la question mal, précisément des souffrances mort subies par les personnes famille Prophète ( ahl al-bayt ). La première catégorie comprend expressions poétiques élégiaques marṯīya ) accompagnées reflétant passion compassion p...

It is well known that certain Islamic Jurists and Scholars like Imam Bukari, Imam Muslim, and Imam Tirmizi, did exhaustive research to collect the sayings and traditions of our beloved Prophet PBUH. They then presented their collected works as 'Al Hadith' of the Prophet to the populace. Not only were these authenticated, as to their degree of authenticity, but each of the witnesses, or the chai...

Purpose: Utilization of lead-contaminated opium may lead to severe motor neuron impairment and quadriplegia. Case report: Forty years oriented old male, opium addict, was admitted to the ICU, with headache, nausea and abdominal pain, and weakness in his lower and upper extremities without definitive diagnosis. The past medical and occupational history was negative. Laboratory investigation show...

In thinking about democratization we should avoid a one-dimensional set of categories. Western observers sometimes picture events in the post-Soviet world as a clear-cut battle between the forces of democratic reform on the one side and those of nationalist extremism on the other. While this scenario captures much of the situation, it does not exhaust the field of political possibilities. Sever...

How do domestic political institutions affect the way states interact in international crises? In the last decade we have witnessed an explosion of interest in this question, thanks largely to the well-known claim that democratic states do not Ž ght wars with one another. Work on the ‘‘democratic peace’’ has generated a number of theoretical arguments about how practices, values, and institutio...

The teaching of political economy offers an alternative, and a challenge, to conventional economics education. Its emphasis on the competing currents of economic thought and their association with rival political philosophies adds complexity to the subject. However, this engagement with controversial issues creates more intellectual excitement than a narrow, ‘technical’ treatment of orthodox ec...