This research was designed to investigate the effects of two different types of learning modalities, namely Meta-cognitive Prompting and structured peer interaction on intermediate EFL learners’ collaborative writing. For this purpose, 90 learners of total number of 120 intermediate learners studying at Kish English language school were chosen first for homogenization prior to the study. In ord...

Second language writing instruction has been greatly influenced by the growing importance of technology and the recent shift of paradigm from a cognitive to a social orientation in second language acquisition (Lantolf & Thorne, 2006). Therefore, the applications of computer assisted language learning and activity theory have been suggested as a promising framework for writing studies. The prese...

The paper presents a formalized approach to designing the structure of a controller and its programming method for a multi-robot system equipped with diverse external sensors. It shows that it is sufficient to extend a universal programming language by a single robot specific instruction to program such a system. Although, a single complex instruction would suffice, it is much more convenient t...

OBJECTIVE Research has found that writing about stress can confer physical and psychological health benefits on participants and that adopting a self-compassionate stance may have additional benefits. This pilot study evaluated a self-compassionate expressive writing intervention in a Day Hospice setting. METHOD Thirteen patients with life-limiting illnesses wrote on two occasions about recen...

This study aimed at investigating the effect of Preview, Question, Read, Summarize (PQRS) Strategy on EFL students’ writing ability by considering their working memory capacity (WMC) levels. It involved Indonesian English as a foreign language (EFL) students of English Department in Universitas Negeri Malang, one of the leading universities in Indonesia. This study applied a quasi-experimental ...

abstract in iran, most english teachers’ method of teaching writing is merely to have students do some writing exercises or simply to give them writing tests without any instruction, but writing is not an easy task for students, and teachers should be able to do more to facilitate their students’ writing. one of the ways to aid writing is dynamic assessment via graduated prompt. the graduated p...

Strategy-focused instruction is one of the most effective approaches to improve writing skills. It aims to teach developing writers strategies that give them executive control over their writing processes. Programs under this kind of instruction tend to have multiple components that include direct instruction, modeling and scaffolded practice. This multi-component nature has two drawbacks: it m...