Dynamic microtubules explore the peripheral (P) growth cone domain using F actin bundles as polymerization guides. Microtubule dynamics are necessary for growth cone guidance; however, mechanisms of microtubule reorganization during growth cone turning are not well understood. Here, we address these issues by analyzing growth cone steering events in vitro, evoked by beads derivatized with the I...

Growth cone motility and morphology are based on actin-filament dynamics. Cofilin plays an essential role for the rapid turnover of actin filaments by severing and depolymerizing them. The activity of cofilin is repressed by phosphorylation at Ser3 by LIM kinase (LIMK, in which LIM is an acronym of the three gene products Lin-11, Isl-1, and Mec-3) and is reactivated by dephosphorylation by phos...

Rod modulation of an annular surround can produce brightness contrast in a test field centered at 100 from the fovea. In our research, stimuli originated from a colorimeter that provided 4 primaries in both the circular test and the annular surround fields, and allowed independent modulation of the rods and each of the short (S)-, middle (M)-, and long (L)-wavelength-sensitive cone types. The c...

We examine the assumptions that the fovea contains equal numbers of inner (invaginating or ON) and outer (flat or OFF) midget bipolar cells and equal numbers of inner and outer diffuse bipolar cells. Based on reconstruction from electron photomicrographs of serial thin sections through the fovea of a macaque monkey, we reject both assumptions. First, every foveal L and M cone is presynaptic to ...

Given a hypersurface M on a unit sphere of the Euclidean space, we define the cone based on M as the set of half-lines issuing from the origin and passing through M. By assuming that the scalar curvature of the cone vanishes, we obtain conditions under which bounded domains of such cone are stable or unstable.

In this paper, a Krein-Milman  type theorem in $T_0$ semitopological cone is proved,  in general. In fact, it is shown that in any locally convex $T_0$ semitopological cone, every convex compact saturated subset is the compact saturated convex hull of its extreme points, which improves the results of Larrecq.

recently, cho et al. [y. j. cho, r. saadati, s. h. wang, common xed point theorems on generalized distance in ordered cone metric spaces, comput. math. appl. 61 (2011) 1254-1260] dened the concept of the c-distance in a cone metric space and proved some xed point theorems on c-distance. in this paper, we prove some new xed point and common xed point theorems by using the distance in ordere...

Estimates of the density spectrum of the macular pigment (Wyszecki G, Stiles WS. Color Science: Concepts and Methods, Quantitative Data and Formulas. 1st ed. New York: Wiley, 1967); (Vos JJ. Literature review of human macular absorption in the visible and its consequences for the cone receptor primaries. Institute for Perception. Soesterberg, The Netherlands, 1972) are partially based on the di...

Sensory systems must avoid saturation to encode a wide range of stimulus intensities. One way the retina accomplishes this is by using both dim-light-sensing rod and bright-light-sensing cone photoreceptor circuits. OFF cone bipolar cells are a key point in this process, as they receive both excitatory input from cones and inhibitory input from AII amacrine cells via the rod pathway. However, i...

Cone beam CT, usually used in dental area, could easily obtain 3-dimensional images using cone beam shaped ionized radiation. Cone beam CT is very useful for direct percutaneous sac injection (DPSI) which needs very precise measurement to avoid puncture of inferior vena cava or vessel around sac or stent graft. Here we describe two cases of DPSI using cone beam CT. In case 1, a 79-year-old male...