This study investigates dynamic system-optimal (DSO) and user equilibrium (DUE) traffic assignment of departure/arrival-time choices in a corridor network. A morning commute problem with many-to-one pattern origin–destination (OD) demand an evening one-to-many OD are considered. Specifically, we first derive closed-form solution to the DSO based on regularities cost flow variables. By utilizing...

background one-third of the world’s population is infected with mycobacterium tuberculosis. investigation of toll-like receptors (tlrs) has revealed new information regarding the immunopathogenesis of this disease. toll-like receptors can recognize various ligands with a lipoprotein structure in the bacilli. toll-like receptor 2 and tlr-4 have been identified in association with tuberculosis in...

Interest in the use of tolls to fund and regulate demand on motorways has revived in recent years. However, less attention has been paid to the road safety effects of this policy. Although toll motorway quality is equal to or above that of free motorways, charging users shifts some traffic to low-quality, adjacent alternatives. This study tests whether charging for the use of the better road ne...