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objective: drug craving is defined as an urge to continue substance abuse. drug dependents use different terms to express their subjective feeling of craving. this study was an attempt to generate an understanding of craving terminology among different groups of persian speaking iranian opiate dependents. method: terms used for the meaning of drug craving were listed by 36 ex-opiate dependents ...

The narcotic antagonist naloxene, the n-allyl derivative of oxynlorphone, is used widely by anaesthetists to reverse opiate-induced respiratory depression, However, the discovery that there are endogenous opiate-like substances in the central nervous system and other tissues, and that they are involved in regulation of general physiological phenomena, has raised the possibility that naloxone ma...

OBJECTIVE To estimate the mortality rates from drug-related deaths and other causes among problem drug users and population attributable risk of death due to opiate use in eight study sites in Europe. METHODS Opiate users were recruited from drug treatment centres during the period 1990-1998 and deaths followed up through national or local mortality registries. Gender-specific overall mortali...

background illicit opiate use has an increasing incidence and prevalence, which increases mortality and morbidity, marginalization, and criminal behaviors, and causes major adverse effects on society. objectives this study aimed to investigate and follow the outcome of patients who underwent ultrarapid opiate detoxification (urod) prospectively. patients and methods in this randomized clinical ...

objective: substance misuse is a major public health threat in iran. the total number of addicts in iran is estimated to be between 700,000 and 4,000,000. a few limited household studies on the prevalence of substance misuse have been performed in iran. method: the residents of the sixth district of the municipality of tehran who were over the age of 15 were selected as the study population. th...

post operative pain and its control remains one of the most important issues in the field of surgery and health care system. formalin test has been used as a method for assessing pain and analgesia in rats. systemic and spinally administered clonidine, an ?2-adrenergic agonist, is proved to enhance postoperative analgesia. it has also been shown that morphine-dependent rats experience more chro...

background: suicide is one of the leading factors of death worldwide. hanging is one of the most common methods of suicide. this study was designed to evaluate post mortem toxicology laboratory findings of subjects with hanging death in northeast iran.  methods: this study was carried out on reported cases with hanging death to razavi khorasan province-general office of iranian legal medicine o...

background: alcohol use disorders (auds) has been recently prioritized as a health problem in iran. the alcohol use disorders identification test (audit) is an easy-to-use diagnostic tool for excessive drinking. this study was designed to assess the validity and reliability of the persian version of audit questionnaire. methods: participants were 70 individuals with aud (study group) and 70 non...

objectives: early maladaptive schemas are valid representations of unpleasant childhood experiences that shape a person’s viewpoints of the world, and lead to clinical symptoms such as depression, personality disorders, and substance abuse. given the importance of this matter, we conducted a research on early maladaptive schemas in substance-abusers, to allow more appropriate preventive measure...