It is useful to treat real-valued functions (or complex-valued functions, or vector space-valued functions) as elements of a vector space, so that the tools from linear algebra can be applied. Given a set X one may consider the vector space R of all real-valued functions with domain X. If X is finite, say with n elements, then this is just the familiar vector space R. The more interesting examp...

in this paper, the importance of environmental degradation costs in national accounts is discussed, empirical studies having been considered by politician and economic planners before. the importance of a determination of relationship between economic growth vs. openness to trade is also discussed. the main objective followed in an investigation of the relationship between trade openness, green...

If M is a compact Riemannian manifold then we show that for typical continuous function defined on M, the upper box dimension of  graph(f) is as big as possible and the lower box dimension of graph(f) is as small as possible.  

 A topoframe, denoted by $L_{ tau}$,  is a pair $(L, tau)$ consisting of a frame $L$ and a subframe $ tau $ all of whose elements are complementary elements in $L$. In this paper, we define and study the notions of a $tau $-real-continuous function on a frame $L$ and the set of real continuous functions $mathcal{R}L_tau $ as an $f$-ring. We show that $mathcal{R}L_{ tau}$ is actually a generali...

Multidimensional persistence mostly studies topological features of shapes by analyzing the lower level sets of vector-valued functions, called filtering functions. As is well known, in the case of scalar-valued filtering functions, persistent homology groups can be studied through their persistent Betti numbers, i.e. the dimensions of the images of the homomorphisms induced by the inclusions o...

We consider the bifurcation of periodic solutions from an equilibrium point of the given equation: x =F(x,?) , where x ? R , ? is a vector of real parameters ? , ? , ... , ? and F:R x R ->R has at least second continuous derivations in variables