The wavelength dependence of the daytime performance free-space quantum channels is crucial to global-scale networking, but has been relatively unexplored, due a lack expertise in atmospheric physics among optics researchers. This study makes progress by simulating key distribution at different wavelengths, under spectral radiance and turbulence. Even face multiple unfavorable factors, it found...

Multiple coverings of the farthest-off points ((R,μ)-MCF codes) and the corresponding (ρ, μ)-saturating sets in projective spaces PG(N, q) are considered. We propose some methods which allow us to obtain new small (1, μ)-saturating sets and short (2, μ)-MCF codes with μ-density either equal to 1 (optimal saturating sets and almost perfect MCF-codes) or close to 1 (roughly 1+1/cq, c ≥ 1). In par...

there is no doubt in the existence of the right to imprisonment in the marriage (nikāḥ) for the wife. that is to say, the wife is entitled to refuse submission until receiving all her dowry in case it is urgent (mu‘ajjal). the question arises here as to what the extent of this right to imprisonment is. does it merely apply to specific submission or does it include general submission, as well? i...

Planarians are free-living aquatic flatworms that possess a well-documented photophobic response to light. With a true central nervous system and simple cerebral eyes (ocelli), planarians are an emerging model for regenerative eye research. However, comparatively little is known about the physiology of their photoreception or how their behavior is affected by various wavelengths. Most phototact...

Organisms living in clear, shallow water are exposed to the damaging wavelengths of solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) coincident with the longer wavelengths of photosynthetically available radiation (PAR) also necessary for vision. With the general exception of bacteria, taxonomically diverse marine and freshwater organisms have evolved the capacity to synthesize or accumulate UV-absorbing myco...

The angular resolution of an astronomical telescope is often limited primarily by atmospheric turbulence, and this resolution limitation is conventionally referred to as atmospheric seeing. A systematic study of the wavelength dependence of this effect was conducted using the 1.5 m McMath solar telescope of Kitt Peak National Observatory, and this study is reported here. Telescope resolution wa...

Microspectrophotometry (MSP) revealed that surprisingly for a "fully marine" species, in summer, photoreceptors of the nearshore scorpaeniform fish known as the masked greenling, Hexagrammos octogrammus, contained exclusively, or presumably, porphyropsin with a small admixture of rhodopsin. As a result of this, the lambda(max) of the spectral sensitivity of the photoreceptors were significantly...

In this paper, a three ring-resonator serially coupled is considered as an optical filter. We are going to improve the performance of the designed optical filter by increasing the quality factor and finesse of filtered wavelengths. The first and last rings are coupled to the bus waveguides that carry the input and output fields. The effect of coupling parameters and ring radii on the filtering ...