THE term " chronic progressive ophthalmoplegia " signifies a syndrome characterized by a slowly progressive weakness of the external ocular muscles. In the past the term has been applied loosely, for cases have been called chronic progressive ophthalmoplegia which differ from each other in important respects. Thus, in some instances the paralysis has been confined to the levators ofthe upper li...

In 1952, Wildervanck described the first case of what he styled the cervico-oculo-acoustic (COA) syndrome. This comprises Klippel Feil's (KF) anomaly (congenitally fused cervical vertebrae), congenital sensorineural deafness and Duane's retraction syndrome (deficient abduction with retraction on adduction). Since that original paper, there have been further reports describing this triad, either...

O trauma is a major cause of blindness worldwide and oculo-orbital trauma is one of the pathologies that require urgent radiological studies. Traumatic pathology of the orbit is often seen in the polytraumatized patients and can result in a wide spectrum of tissue lesions of the globe, optic nerve and adnexa, ranging from the relatively superficial to vision threatening. Depending on the imagin...