Using Community Innovation Survey data for Belgium we analyze which firm and industry characteristics are conducive to cooperation with universities. We take into consideration that the decision to cooperate with universities cannot be analyzed in isolation from the overall innovation strategy of the firm. Cooperating with universities is complementary to other innovation activities such as per...

In this note, a wide range of innovation indicators are analyzed in order to describe the innovation behavior of manufacturing firms in the Latin American and Caribbean (LAC) region using the recently released Enterprise Surveys 2010. The Enterprise Surveys define innovation rates as the share of firms introducing product and process innovations. The survey also measures the proportion of firms...

We develop a model of two-stage cumulative research and development (R&D), in which one Research Unit (RU) with an innovative idea bargains to license her nonverifiable interim knowledge exclusively to one of two competing Development Units (DUs) via one of two alternative modes: an Open sale after patenting this interim knowledge, or a Closed sale in which precluding further disclosure to a co...

This study develops an R&D-based growth model with vertical and horizontal innovation to shed some light on the current debate on whether patent protection stimulates or sti‡es innovation. We analyze the e¤ects of patent protection in the form of blocking patents. We show that patent protection changes the direction of innovation by having asymmetric e¤ects on vertical innovation (i.e., quality...

Intellectual Property Rights, Migration, and Diaspora In this paper we study theoretically and empirically the role of the interaction between skilled migration and intellectual property rights (IPRs) protection in determining innovation in developing countries (South). We show that although emigration from the South may directly result in the well-known concept of brain drain, it also causes a...

This paper studies the effects of a Standard Setting Organization (SSO) imposing a licensing cap for patents incorporated into a standard. In particular, we evaluate the “Incremental Value” rule as a way to reward firms that contribute technology to a standard. This rule has been proposed as a means of avoiding patent hold-up of licensing firms by granting patent holders compensation equal to t...

One of the reasons business start-ups face credit constraints is their lack of credibility in the nancial markets. Yet, debt nancing is one of the major sources of funding a new business. Although initial capital structure lays the path for the future growth trajectory, regular supply of funds is also important for rm survival, enhanced productivity, and higher innovation. Apart from nancial st...

Proponents of the Bayh-Dole Act argue that industrial use of federally-funded research would be reduced without university patent licensing. Our survey of U.S. universities supports this view, emphasizing the embryonic state of most technologies licensed and the need for inventor cooperation in commercialization. Thus, for most university inventions, there is a moral hazard problem with invento...

There is substantial heterogeneity across industries in the level of interdependence between new and old technologies. I propose a measure of this interdependence–an index of sequentiality in innovation–which is the transfer rate of patents in a particular industry. I find that highly sequential industries have higher profitability, higher variance of firm growth, lower exit rates, and lower ra...

We analyze the effect of patent pools on the incentives to file patents related to a comprehensive sample of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) standards. We measure a positive effect of the announcement of a pool on the filing rates for standard-related patents. We identify an exogenous policy change between 1997 and 1999, when antitrust authorities adopted a more permissive stance...