background: spine of an adult is made up of five areas that include 7 cervical vertebrae, 12 thoracic vertebrae, 5 lumbar vertebrae, sacrum and finally coccyx. selecting appropriate assumptions for modeling and biological analysis of the spine components has a significant impact on the accuracy of results in biomechanical simulation for different modes. methods: in the present study, biomechani...

the effects of formalin as a peripheral noxious stimulus on the activity of lateral paragigantocellularis nucleus (lpgi) neurons were examined. spontaneous activity oflpgi neurons was recorded after confirmation of their responsiveness to acute pain, and thereafter formalin (50 µl, 2.5%) was injected in the contralateral hindpaw. the response of the lpgi neurons was monitored for 60 min. a biph...

introduction: 17&beta-estradiol; modulates nociception by binding to the estrogenic receptors and also by allosteric interaction with other membrane-bound receptors like glutamate and gabaa receptors. in addition to its autonomic functions, paragigantocellularis lateralis (lpgi) is involved in the pain modulation, too. the aim of the current study was to investigate the involvement of the membr...

introduction: in this study, the effect of memantine administration into the nucleus accumbens on the metabolic changes induced by acute stress in female mice was evaluated. methods: intra-accumbens unilateral or bilateral canulation was performed. one week after recovery, a group of animals were given memantine (1, 0.5, and 0.1 μg/mouse) five min before stress induction intra-accumbally, and t...

the catastrophic effects of opioids use on public health and the economy are documented clearly in numerous studies. repeated morphine administration can lead to either a decrease (tolerance) or an increase (sensitization) in its behavioral and rewarding effects. morphine-induced sensitization is a major problem and plays an important role in abuse of the opioid drugs. studies reported that mor...

In this minireview article, the transverse momentum spectra of final-state particles produced in high-energy hadron-hadron, hadron-nucleus, and nucleus-nucleus collisions described by multisource thermal model at quark or parton level are summarized. model, participant contributor quarks partons considered to contribute together distribution with different modes contributions. The concrete mode...

Recent neuroanatomical and behavioral evidence has indicated that vasopressin (VA) increases pain threshold. The dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) is an important nucleus in pain modulation. Anatomical studies have shown that DRN receives vasopressinergic fibers originating in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus. The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of intra-DRN injection of de...

over the past few decades, actin’s presence in the nucleus has been demonstrated. actin is a key protein necessary for different nuclear processes. although actin is well known for its functional role in dynamic behavior of the cytoskeleton, emerging studies are now highlighting new roles for actin. at the present time there is no doubt about the presence of actin in the nucleus. a number of st...