High-speed videography and muscle denervation experiments were used to quantify the feeding kinematics of Hemisus marmoratum and to test hypotheses of muscle function. The feeding behavior of H. marmoratum, which feeds on ants and termites, differs radically from that of other frogs that have been studied. During feeding in H. marmoratum, the tongue 'telescopes' straight out of the mouth, as op...

Nearly 100 years ago, Wood Jones ( 1920 ) characterized the hand as a specialized sensory organ and the use of the hands in exploration as a defi ning characteristic of primates. Thus, from the beginning, researchers have investigated how primates use their hands to touch and handle objects, as well as during locomotion. Understanding how primates use their hands is fundamental to reconstructin...

based on the fact the manipulation of fine nanoclusters calls for more precise modeling, the aim of this paper is to conduct an atomistic investigation for interaction analysis of particle-substrate system for pushing and positioning purposes. in the present research, 2d molecular dynamics simulations have been used to investigate such behaviors. performing the planar simulations can provide a ...

the present study addresses the influence of iran’s post-revolution political structure on the formation of the country’s translated literature system. it examines the translated anglo-american novels pub-lished under two administrations in power after the islamic revolution: 1) the reformist administra-tion, which was a more liberal, leftist administration, seeking to improve iran’s relations ...

it has been reported previously that modulatory effects of pleasant and unpleasant slides on the human acoustic reflex are observed only if startle probes are presented to the left ear or with binaural presentation. the present study examined the effects of the left and the right ear stimulation on modulated startle reflex (as indexed by eyeblink component, measured at the right eye) employing ...

Cornus officinalis Sieb. et Zucc., known as Shan-zhu-yu in Chinese, has been used to treat cerebrovascular disease and diabetes in Traditional Chinese Medicine for a long time and morroniside is the main component of Shan-zhu-yu. In this study, we examined whether morroniside could protect ischemia/reperfusion-induced brain injury by minimizing oxidative stress and anti-apoptosis. Morroniside w...

Arboreal animals with prehensile hands must balance the complex demands of bone strength, grasping and manipulation. An informative example of this problem is that of the aye-aye (Daubentonia madagascariensis), a rare lemuriform primate that is unusual in having exceptionally long, gracile fingers specialized for foraging. In addition, they are among the largest primates to engage in head-first...

Neuropsychological and neuroimaging data suggest a differential contribution of posterior parietal regions during the different components of a transitive gesture. Reaching requires the integration of object location and body position coordinates and reaching tasks elicit bilateral activation in different foci along the intraparietal sulcus. Grasping requires a visuomotor match between the obje...