Type 2 diabetes is among the most important and prevalent chronic diseases, and any novel therapy that is able to address chronic hyperglycaemia is welcome as another tool for clinicians to help prevent the development of diabetic complications [1]. It is widely recommended that, if lifestyle interventions are inadequate, the first line of drug treatment is metformin, followed by a sulphonylure...

Abstract Background and purpose Treatment effects from the large cardiovascular outcome trials (CVOTs) in diabetes are almost exclusively communicated as hazard ratios, although reporting guidelines recommend to report treatment also on an absolute scale, e.g. numbers needed treat (NNT). We aimed analyze NNT CVOTs of novel oral antidiabetic drugs comparing dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibit...

The increased prevalence of Diabetes mellitus, the comorbid associations and complications among global population has led to a dependency for treatment options with multiple modalities. One such option is SGLT2 inhibitor (SGLT2i) class drugs. SGLT2i have been demonstrated improve glycemic control while providing cardiovascular (CV) renal benefits in patients T2DM. inhibitors comprising canagli...

i n the United States, 8% of our population has been diagnosed with diabetes, and 4% has diabetes that remains undiagnosed. Current projections suggest that the prevalence of diabetes will increase to 20–30% of the population by 2050 (1). Diabetes is, and will remain, a primary care medical issue, with >80% of patients with type 2 diabetes being managed by primary care providers (PCPs). Althoug...

Diabetic patients suffer from a high rate of cardiovascular events and such risk increases with HbA1c. However, lowering HbA1c does not appear to yield the same benefit on macrovascular endpoints, as observed for microvascular endpoints. As the number of glucose-lowering medications increases, clinicians have to consider several open questions in the management of type 2 diabetes, one of which ...

In the last decade, researchers have gained a greater understanding of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of type 2 diabetes as a chronic and progressive disease. One of the more recent treatment targets is the kidney. The kidneys become maladaptive in diabetes by increasing the reabsorption of glucose above the normal physiologic renal threshold. This discovery has led to the development of the s...

BACKGROUND Sodium glucose transporter-2 inhibitors are the newest antidiabetic drugs that seem to be cardioprotective and can prevent type 2 diabetes in patients with high cardiovascular risks. Previous clinical trials have shown that these inhibitors can alleviate endothelial dysfunction, but the mechanism of action remains unknown. How SGLT inhibitor influences the release of NO in PA-induced...

The maintenance of normal glucose homeostasis requires a complex, highly integrated interaction among the liver, muscle, adipocytes, pancreas and neuroendocrine system. Recent studies have demonstrated that the kidneys also play a central role in glucose homeostasis by reabsorbing all of the filtered glucose, an adaptive mechanism that ensures sufficient energy is available during fasting perio...